intertrendsМеждународные процессыInternational Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy1728-27561811-2773AEFIR10.17994/IT.2022.20.2.69.5intertrends-181Research ArticleРЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯREALITY AND THEORYЭкономическое развитие и внутренний суверенитет Приднестровья и Абхазии. 30 лет фактической независимостиEconomic development and internal sovereignty of Transnistria and Abkhazia. 30 years of de-facto independenceКолосовВ.KolosovV.

Владимир Колосов

Москва

Vladimir Kolosov

Moscow, 119017

vladimirkolossov@gmail.comЗотоваМ.ZotovaM.

Мария Зотова

Москва

Maria Zotova

Moscow, 119017

Институт географии РАНРоссияInstitute of Geography of Russian Academy of ScienceRussian Federation202230062022202624Copyright © Колосов В., Зотова М., 20222022Колосов В., Зотова М.Kolosov V., Zotova M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/181

Приднестровье и Абхазия провозгласили свою независимость более 30 лет назад. В трудоспособный возраст уже вступили поколения, родившиеся и выросшие в непризнанных государствах. В связи с этим актуален вопрос, как граждане Приднестровской Молдавской Республики и Республики Абхазия ныне понимают независимость, насколько она для них важна, какими они видят перспективы своих государств и какие жизненные стратегии они выбирают. В статье авторы сравнивают результаты 13 фокус-групп, проведённых в Приднестровье и Абхазии осенью 2020 года, с основными социально-экономическими показателями государств де-факто и их соседей. Такой подход позволил связать восприятие проблем повседневной жизни с изменениями идентичности граждан и внутреннего суверенитета непризнанных государств, выделить факторы, объединяющие и разделяющие различные социальные группы, оценить их отношение к текущим результатам и перспективам государственного строительства. Разный состав групп позволил сравнить мнения, во-первых, граждан, которые были социализированы после распада Советского Союза и в советское время, во-вторых, разных этнических групп, мужчин и женщин, и, в-третьих, жителей разных районов государств де-факто. В ходе исследования было выявлено, что Абхазия и Приднестровье по большинству основных экономических показателей отстают от средних значений соседних стран и лишь по отдельным индикаторам могут быть сопоставлены с соседними периферийными регионами. Отсутствие значительного экономического прогресса потенциально может сказаться на лояльности граждан политическому режиму и негативно повлиять на жизнеспособность республик. В этом контексте в абхазском и приднестровском обществе были выявлены признаки усталости от неудобств жизни в непризнанной республике и низкого уровня доходов по сравнению с соседними странами и материнским государством.

For more than 30 years, Transnistria and Abkhazia separated from their parent states and proclaimed independence. Generations born and raised in unrecognized states have already entered an active age. In this regard, the question of how citizens of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and the Republic of Abkhazia understand independence, how important it is for them, how do they see the prospects of their states and what life strategies do they choose, becomes especially relevant. In the article, the authors compare the results of 13 focus groups conducted in Transnistria and Abkhazia in the fall of 2020 with the main socio-economic indicators of de facto states and their neighbors. This approach made it possible to connect the perception of the problems of everyday life with changes in the identity of citizens and the internal sovereignty of unrecognized states, to highlight the factors uniting and dividing various social groups, to assess their attitude to the current results and prospects of state building. The different composition of the groups made it possible to compare the opinions, firstly, of citizens who were socialized after the collapse of the Soviet Union and in Soviet times, secondly, different ethnic groups, men and women, and, thirdly, residents of different districts of de-facto states. It was revealed that the main economic indicators of Abkhazia and Transnistria lag behind the average values of neighboring countries. The lack of significant economic progress can potentially affect the loyalty of citizens to the political regime and negatively change the viability of the republics. In this context, signs of fatigue from the inconveniences of life in the unrecognized republic and low-income levels compared to neighboring countries and the mother state were revealed in the Abkhaz and Transnistrian societies.

государства де-фактофактические государствагосударства на деленепризнанные государствапостсоветское пространствоПриднестровская Молдавская РеспубликаРеспублика Абхазиясуверенитетсоседствогосударство-патронматеринское государствосоциально-экономическое развитиепредставления жителейunrecognized statespost-Soviet spacePridnestrovian Moldavian RepublicAbkhaziasovereigntyneighborhoodpatron stateparent statesocio-economic developmentviews of residentsСтатья подготовлена при поддержке проекта Российского научного фонда «Постсоветские непризнанные государства: факторы жизнеспособности и риски для России» No 19–17–00232. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.