intertrendsМеждународные процессыInternational Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy1728-27561811-2773AEFIR10.17994/IT.2020.18.3.62.7intertrends-189Research ArticleАНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЗМЫANALYTICAL PRISMSЧто такое крушение государства?What Is State Failure?ШевскийД С.ShevskyD. S.

Шевский Дмитрий Сергеевич - стажер-исследователь Научно-учебной лаборатории мониторинга рисков социально-политической дестабилизации 

Москва

Mr Dmitry Shevsky - Researcher, Laboratory for Monitoring of Risks of Social and Political Destabilization

Moscow, 101000

 

shevskiyd@mail.ruНаучно-исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияHSE UniversityRussian Federation2020300920201836784Copyright © Шевский Д.С., 20202020Шевский Д.С.Shevsky D.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/189

В статье рассматриваются наиболее значимые попытки концептуализации в социальных науках того, что условно можно обобщить как крушение государства. В первую очередь рассматриваются концепты крушения государства, нашедшие отражение в различных индексах. Одним из самых известных стал индекс несостоявшихся государств (failed state), позже превратившийся в индекс хрупкости государств (fragile state). В этом концепте исследователи увидели чрезмерную полити­зированность, а также европоцентризм, так как он был построен на фундаменте веберовского понимания государства, которое возникло при анализе именно европейских политий. Ещё одна проблема веберовского понимания государства заключается не только в том, что построено оно было на специфической «выборке», но и потому, что оно оказывается спорным и при рассмотрении в исторической перспективе. Так как индексы строились для практических целей, то полно­ ценное теоретическое обоснование идея государственной недееспособности получила в концепте государственной (не)состоятельности (state (in)capacity). После анализа существующих подходов показано, что все они так или иначе указывают на проблемы качества управления, сбора налогов и контроля над средствами насилия. Тем не менее исследователям не удалось решить проблему демаркации, так как не были установлены конвенциональные пороговые значения и средства измерения. Ещё одним значимым направлением осмысления вызовов государственности стала теория государственного коллапса (state collapse), близкая к концепту уменьшения государственной состоятельности. Тем не менее первая в отличие от последней содержит попытку произвести концептуализацию с пороговыми значениями. Социологи, в свою очередь, предложили концепт государственной дезинтеграции (state breakdown), который относится к ситуации фискального кризиса и конфликта элит в условиях массовых восстаний. Как показано на основании анализа соци­ологической и антропологической литературы, к этим признакам можно добавить ещё делегити­мацию (смену самоописания системы) и потерю части территорий.

The article is devoted to an overview of state failure conceptualization. One of the most popular concepts was failed state after transformed in fragile state. These two concepts are based on weberian understanding of the state that is irrelevant from historical perspective. Also critics have denoted to political labeling, incorrectness and the lack of formalization of these concepts. Since these indices were built for practical purposes, a full­fledged theoretical foundation for the idea of state weakness was elaborated in great details in a concept of state capacity. This concept tries to surpass the narrow weberian understanding of the state and offers three dimensions of state capacity: fiscal­economic, administrative­bureaucratic and the control over violence. The drawback of this concept is an absence of the threshold to understand whether the state has experienced state failure or not. The most formalized approach to measure state failure is created within a concept of state collapse. This concept has common with the previous concept because bases on the same features (fiscal, administrative and military). Using this concept faces some difficulties because of different cases are the same according to this concept. Sociology offered a concept of state breakdown which has three points: fiscal crisis, elite conflict and mass mobilization. After analyzing both sociological and anthropological literature the author offers to add to these three criteria two additional: deligitimation (or change of self­description in the system) and territorial disintegration.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.