intertrendsМеждународные процессыInternational Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy1728-27561811-2773AEFIR10.17994/IT.2022.20.2.69.3intertrends-203Research ArticleРЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯREALITY AND THEORYРегулирование лоббизма в международном и транснациональном пространствах. Правовые и политические аспектыRegulatiing lobbying in international and transnational spheres. Legal and political aspectsКаневскийП.KanevskiyP.

Павел Каневский

Москва

Pavel Kanevskiy

Moscow, 119991

kanevskiy@socio.msu.ruМГУ им. М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation2022300620222022550Copyright © Каневский П., 20222022Каневский П.Kanevskiy P.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/203

Деятельность групп интересов в международном и транснациональном пространствах, несмотря на их постоянно возрастающую роль, в значительной степени остаётся terra incognita для исследований международных отношений и международного права. Цель настоящей статьи заключается в том, чтобы восполнить ряд пробелов как в современной науке о международных отношениях, так и в теории лоббизма и групп интересов в части систематизации практик регулирования лоббизма в международном и транснациональном пространствах. Обобщение существующих практик и режимов регулирования должно способствовать лучшему пониманию сущности активности групп интересов в международном и транснациональном пространствах, возможностей и пределов её регулирования международными организациями и суверенными государствами. В статье проанализированы отдельные политико-правовые механизмы, сегментарно регулирующие лоббизм в международном и транснациональном пространствах. Исследованы наднациональные режимы, которые устанавливают правила взаимодействия групп интересов с конкретными наднациональными и международными организациями и объединениями, а также режимы регулирования иностранного лоббизма на национальном уровне, которые определяют правила взаимодействия иностранных групп интересов с органами власти суверенных государств. При изучении наднациональных режимов обобщён опыт регулирования лоббизма в Европейском Союзе и Организации Объединённых Наций. Был сделан вывод, что в ЕС действует наиболее инклюзивный режим регулирования лоббизма. Технически он охватывает все группы интересов, лоббирующие свои интересы в Брюсселе. В ООН применяется другой подход – взаимодействие с внешними группами фактически сведено к международным неправительственным организациям, что и отражено в нормах и правилах лоббизма в этой организации. В то же время к реальным субъектами лоббизма в разных институтах и центрах принятия решений относятся не только МНПО, но и бизнес-группы, по поводу допустимой степени влияния которых в ООН ведётся активная дискуссия. Разные институты в системе ООН по-разному подходят к вопросам регулирования влияния бизнеса, что приводит к возникновению разных подрежимов внутри организации. Рассмотренные примеры режимов регулирования иностранного лоббизма на национальном уровне показывают, что их развитие связано с политическими мотивами отдельных государств, которые стремятся ограничить политическое и информационное влияние со стороны иностранных групп интересов, при этом оставляя свободу для иностранных экономических групп интересов.

Lobbying is an integral part of contemporary international processes. Globalization, spread of market relations and transnational links, liberalization of national and supranational governance increased the role of interest groups in international relations. However, interest groups activities at the global level are still largely a terra incognita for international relations theory and international law which requires a more comprehensive analysis. The main goal of the article is to fill the gaps in modern IR theory as well as in theories of lobbying and interest groups by systematization of lobbying regulation experience in international and transnational spheres. Even though single approach towards formalization of international lobbying is hardly feasible, systematization of current global practices should facilitate better understanding of the nature of interest groups activity in international and transnational spheres, of potential and limits for its regulation both in sovereign states and international organizations. The article analyzes separate regulatory regimes aimed at formalizing lobbying in international and transnational spheres. There are two types of regimes: those existing on supranational level that set rules of interaction between interest groups and international organisations; those that regulate interactions of foreign interest groups and sovereign states. Analysis has demonstrated that supranational and national authorities have different approaches towards regulating their interactions with transnational interest groups. Moreover, difference exists not only between these two levels but within levels. I study supranational regulation with the cases of the European Union and the United Nations. The EU is an example of the most inclusive regulatory regime within the international organization. It technically covers all types of interest groups that wish to lobby EU officials. The UN takes a different approach – it officially regulates interactions only with international non-governmental organisations (INGOs). However, real interests behind INGOs include not only public interests but also business groups. There is an unfolding discussion within the UN over what should be the right approach towards regulating business interests. Various UN bodies have varying opinions on the issue that results in existence of various sub-regimes in the organization. The analysis of foreign lobbying regulation regimes in sovereign states has demonstrated that their development is connected mainly to political motivations of national authorities who wish to limit political and information influence by foreign interest groups while leaving economic ties and interaction with foreign business groups relatively immune to such regulation.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.