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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2020.18.1.60.8</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-209</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПИСЬМО В РЕДАКЦИЮ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LETTER TO THE EDITOR</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>В поисках науки о международных отношениях: взгляд через призму критического реализма</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Searching for Science of International Relations: Insights from Critical Realism</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юдин Николай.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay Yudin.</p><p>Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nicolas.yudin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>151</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юдин Н., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юдин Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yudin N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/209">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/209</self-uri><abstract><p>Серьёзная академическая дискуссия, тем более посвящённая специально теоретико-методологическим проблемам современных международных исследований, – редкий гость на страницах зарубежных, не говоря уже об отечественных, научных журналов. Тем более ценными и важными представляются дебаты, начало которым положила яркая полемичная статья видного российского специалиста-международника  А.В. Фененко,  опубликованная в журнале «Международные процессы» в 2018 году. Формально в центре внимания этой статьи, равно как и последовавших в ответ на неё работ Д.А. Дегтерёва, И.А. Истомина, А.А. Байкова и К.К. Худолея, находится давний спор между сторонниками количественных и качественных методов международно-политических исследований. Между тем,  как  представляется, и  само содержание этой  дискуссии, и выводы, к которым она позволяет прийти, гораздо шире и глубже, чем чисто инструментальный спор о методах. Для того чтобы обосновать этот тезис, в рамках данной статьи предлагается взглянуть на указанный спор и, шире, на современное состояние теории международных отношений через призму методологии критического реализма. В первой части статьи рассмотрены аргументы участников указанной дискуссии, показано, что они склонны акцентировать внимание на второстепенных, технических аспектах спора о методах, несколько затушёвывая его центральную проблему – какими должны быть  международные исследования, чтобы иметь право называться наукой. Вернуть эту центральную проблему в фокус анализа и представить новый взгляд на возможности её решения позволяет рассмотрение современной ТМО с позиций критического реализма,  предпринятое во второй части. Критические реалисты утверждают, что в основе всех господствующих в настоящий момент в ТМО подходов лежит позитивизм, а точнее – юмовский эмпириокритицизм. Именно этим обстоятельством, по мнению критических реалистов, в значительной мере объясняется фундаментальная ограниченность эпистемологических возможностей и прикладного потенциала современных международных исследований. В качестве альтернативы этим подходам они предлагают  опереться на идеи основоположника критического реализма, британского философа Р. Бхаскара. В третьей части статьи описаны ключевые онтологические и эпистемологические  положения критического реализма, включающие в себя принципиальное признание существования реальности до и вне человеческой деятельности, восприятие этой реальности как сложной стратифицированной и многослойной структуры и связанные с этим специфические представления о природе каузальности и возможных пределах познания и прогнозирования социальных процессов и явлений. При этом данное исследование далеко от безусловной апологии критического реализма. В четвёртой части рассмотрены некоторые недостатки, присущие современным трактовкам критического реализма в контексте изучения международных отношений, к которым можно отнести прежде всего статичность его методологии, половинчатость и непоследовательность выводов и предложений. В этом контексте автор заключает, что главная заслуга критического реализма в настоящий момент состоит не в том, что он предлагает готовые ответы на основные вопросы современной ТМО, в том числе о методах международных исследований, а в том, что он недвусмысленно показывает, где эти ответы стоит искать: в развитии материалистических подходов и теорий.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A serious academic debate in general, let alone on theoretical and methodological issues, is rare for both Western and Russian peer-reviewed journals. In the context of discussion, launched by a polemical article by a prominent Russian IR expert Alexey Fenenko, published in 2018 in the  ‘International Trends’ journal, is more important and noteworthy. Nominally both this article and the subsequent responses from Denis Degterev, Igor Istomin, Andrey Baykov and Konstantin  Khudoley focused on a long-running dispute between the proponents of quantitative and qualitative methods in IR studies. However, the true essence of this discussion, as well as its implications, goes far beyond a mere technical argument about methods. The present article examines this discussion as well as developments in contemporary IR theory through the lens of critical realism (CR). The first section considers the arguments of the discussants and shows that they tend to focus on secondary, technical issues leaving out the key subject of the dispute, i.e. how should international studies be organized in order to have a right to be called a science. In order to bring this issue back into the spotlight and to provide a new perspective on the issue, the second section considers the problem field of the contemporary IR theory from the viewpoint of CR. According to critical realists all predominant approaches in the mainstream IR theory are rooted in the Humean empiricism which to a large extent explains both epistemological and practical limitations of the contemporary IR studies. As an alternative, they advance the ideas of the founder of critical realism, British philosopher R. Bhaskar. The third section examines the key epistemological and ontological provisions of CR, which include the fundamental recognition of objective reality, existing prior to and beyond human activities, reality, which is stratified and differentiated. They also entail a specific perception of causality and of possible limits of cogniscibility and predictability of social phenomena. Nonetheless the article is far from a  straightforward apology of critical realism. The  fourth section identifies certain  weaknesses  of contemporary interpretations of CR in the context of IR theory, which include a static nature of their methodology and inconsistency of their implications. The author concludes that the major contribution of CR to the IR theory lies in providing a clear path for further research – that  is  development of materialist theories and approaches.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>теория международных отношений</kwd><kwd>вторые большие дебаты</kwd><kwd>количественные методы</kwd><kwd>критический реализм</kwd><kwd>Р. Бхаскар</kwd><kwd>неореализм</kwd><kwd>конструктивизм</kwd><kwd>позитивизм</kwd><kwd>материализм</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>theory of international relations</kwd><kwd>second great debate</kwd><kwd>quantitative methods</kwd><kwd>Critical Realism</kwd><kwd>R. Bhaskar</kwd><kwd>neorealism</kwd><kwd>constructivism</kwd><kwd>positivism</kwd><kwd>materialism</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование  выполнено  при   финансовой  поддержке  РФФИ  в   рамках  научного  проекта №  18-311-00088.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was funded by RFBR according to the research project №  18-311-00088.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дегтерёв Д.А. «Второй большой спор» в контексте становления российской науки о международных отношениях // Международные процессы. 2019. Т. 17. № 2 (57). С. 43–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Archer M., Bhaskar R., Collier A., Lawson T., Norrie A. (2013). Critical realism: essential readings. 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