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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2021.19.1.64.1</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-232</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Управление обязательствами в асимметричных альянсах опыт России</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Management of security commitments in asymmetric alliances the case of Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Истомин</surname><given-names>И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Istomin</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь Истомин</p><p>Москва</p><p>Бостон</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor Istomin</p><p>Moscow 119454</p><p>Boston MA 02138</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iaistomin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГИМО МИД России; Центр российских и евразийских исследований имени Дэвиса Гарвардского университета</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MGIMO University; Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Истомин И., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Истомин И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Istomin I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/232">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/232</self-uri><abstract><p>В международной политике широко распространены асимметричные альянсы, в которых крупная держава сотрудничает с заведомо уступающими ей по силе союзниками. Возникновение такого рода объединений в литературе объясняют формулой «гарантии безопасности за внешнеполитическую автономию», которая, однако, не раскрывает, в чём именно заключается выгода крупной державы от влияния на заведомо слабые страны. Настоящая статья призвана развить теоретические представления по этому вопросу и проверить их обоснованность на основе анализа российского опыта. Исследование решает две взаимосвязанные задачи. Во-первых, оно призвано углубить понимание российской внешнеполитической стратегии и роли различных инструментов военно-политического сотрудничества в обеспечении национальных интересов.Во-вторых, оно позволяет проверить положения теории асимметричных альянсов, оценив их применимость к трудному для объяснения случаю.Россия приняла на себя военно-политические обязательства в отношении ряда соседних государств на основе двусторонних соглашений и Договора о коллективной безопасности. На начало 2020-х годов она предоставляет гарантии защиты на случай нападения Абхазии, Армении, Белоруссии, Казахстану, Киргизии, Таджикистану и Южной Осетии. Таким образом, Москва полагается на асимметричные альянсы в отношениях с рядом близлежащих стран для извлечения преимуществ, связанных с проецированием силы, легитимацией её внешнеполитических инициатив, ограничением свободы манёвра конкурентов, а также стабилизацией собственного окружения. При этом она не стремится вступать в аналогичные альянсы с географически удалёнными партнёрами. Такая сдержанность сохраняется даже в отношении стран, с которыми Москва выстраивает привилегированное сотрудничество. Политика России свидетельствует о её высокой чувствительности к прямым расходам, вероятной упущенной выгоде и потенциальным рискам предоставления военно-политических обязательств. Хотя российский опыт выстраивания отношений с союзниками существенно отличается от американского, который в литературе нередко рассматривается в качестве модельного, тем не менее он подтверждает положения теории асимметричных альянсов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Since the second half of the 20th century, military alliance ceased to play an essential role in ensuring the security of major powers. Meanwhile, asymmetric alliances, in which a major power remained an incontestable leader surrounded by weak parties, proliferated across international system. The literature explains these relationships in terms of an exchange in dissimilar benefits between states, following the formula “security for autonomy”. This explanation seems generally plausible, but it does not reveal exact benefits for a major power from establishing control over the weak states. This article intends to deepen our theoretical understanding of why states resort to asymmetric alliances and to test the significance of suggested propositions through an in-depth analysis of the Russian record of alliances. Russia built allied relations with several neighbors but does not extend similar mechanisms to partners in other geographic areas. This policy is puzzling, since it comes into dissonance with the foreign policy stance that international security and global order should be built on the principle of the indivisibility of security and inclusive international institutions. In its foreign policy discourse Russia strongly condemns closed formats with limited participation. The study solves two interrelated problems. First, it helps to deepen understanding of Russian foreign policy strategy and the role of various instruments of military-political cooperation in ensuring national interests. Secondly, it allows to test the provisions of the theory of asymmetric alliances, assessing its applicability to a hard case. The article reveals Russia’s sensitivity to direct and opportunity costs as well as to potential risks of binding security commitments. However, it relies on asymmetric alliances with neighboring countries to reap the benefits of increasing power projection opportunities, legitimizing its foreign policy initiatives, limiting freedom of maneuver for its competitors, and stabilizing its strategic surrounding. The Russian experience of building relations with allies differs significantly from the American one, which, due to the scale of the US alliance network, is often presented as a model one. Nevertheless, it is quite consistent with the provisions of the theory of asymmetric alliances.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>военно-политический союз</kwd><kwd>асимметричный альянс</kwd><kwd>гегемония</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>НАТО</kwd><kwd>ОДКБ</kwd><kwd>военно-техническое сотрудничество</kwd><kwd>статус</kwd><kwd>внутриполитическая нестабильность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>military alliance</kwd><kwd>asymmetry</kwd><kwd>hegemony</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>Collective Security Treaty Organization</kwd><kwd>NATO</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Материал подготовлен в рамках гранта ИМИ МГИМО №1921-01-07: «Новые формы стратегической конкуренции великих держав в XXI веке» по направлению «Анализ и прогнозирование эволюции международных отношений в контексте смены технологического уклада». Предварительный вариант настоящего исследования был апробирован на научном семинаре МГИМО и Технологического института Джорджии в марте 2020 года. Автор также выражает признательность Александру Кули, Ю.А. Никитиной, Михаэле Папа, Н.Ю. Силаеву за их комментарии и советы, использованные при подготовке статьи.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was supported by a grant from the International Studies Institute at MGIMO University, (Project No. 1921-01-07): “New Forms of Strategic Competition of the Great Political Powers in the 21st Century” as part of the “Analysis and Forecasting the Evolution of International Relations in the Context of a Changing Technology” project. Preliminary version of this research was presented at the MGIMO GeorgiaTech joint seminar in March 2020. 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