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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2021.19.1.64.3</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-234</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Энергетические рычаги внешней политики опыт России и США</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The energy toolkit of statecraft the cases of Russia and the USA</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голунов</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golunov</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Голунов</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey Golunov</p><p>Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergei.golunov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт мировой экономики и международных отношений им. Е.М. Примакова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov’s Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Голунов С., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Голунов С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Golunov S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/234">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/234</self-uri><abstract><p>Используя свои энергетические ресурсы для решения внешнеполитических задач, Россия и США задействуют разнообразные политические инструменты и практики, которые можно условно подразделить на «позитивные», «негативные», регулирующие рынки и усиливающие собственный потенциал страны. В статье делается вывод о том, что применение таких инструментов Россией и США связано либо с обеспечением энергетической безопасности, либо для достижения идеологически заданных политических целей. Эти две группы мотивов могут как совпадать, так и противоречить друг другу.Для реализации соответствующих интересов Россия и США располагают разными инструментами, развитие которых в немалой степени стало результатом геополитических и экономических шоков: для США – резкого роста нефтяных цен в 1970-х, для России – центробежных геополитических тенденций после распада СССР. В качестве «негативного» инструмента США чаще всего используют санкции в отношении энергетических секторов оппонентов, тогда как наиболее сильнодействующим российским оружием становились ограничения поставок углеводородного сырья. Для обеспечения энергетической безопасности и усиления политического влияния обе страны выстраивают двусторонние взаимодополняющие отношения по линии «производитель–потребитель», а для стабилизации глобальных нефтяных цен в своих интересах участвуют в международных энергетических альянсах. В инструментальных целях также используется происходящая целенаправленно либо стихийно трансформация национальных энергетических секторов (например, консолидация под государственным контролем в России или «сланцевая революция» в США).В большинстве рассмотренных случаев эффективность применения политических инструментов оказалась ограниченной. Нацеленные на энергетический сектор оппонента санкции и другие приёмы давления (особенно односторонние) сами по себе редко приводили к желательному изменению его политики. Ограниченные результаты для России и США принесло и выстраивание энергетических альянсов, которые не обеспечивают полноценный контроль над глобальны- ми нефтяными ценами и не отличаются представительностью и прочностью.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>While employing their energy potentials for advancing their foreign policy interests, Russia and the USA apply various political tools and practices, that can be classified as “positive”, “negative”, regulating energy markets, and reinforcing one’s own potential. The author argues that in both cases the application of energy-related statecraft is largely related either to energy security or to advancing ideologically inspired political interests. These two kinds of incentives can both work together or conflict each other.To pursue their relevant interests, both Russia and the USA have distinctive potentials, resources, and instruments that to a large extent were developed under influence of geopolitical and economic shocks: dramatic growth of global oil prices in 1970s for the USA and centrifugal post-Soviet geopolitical processes in 1990s for Russia. As a negative tool, the USA most often uses various kinds of sanctions to target energy sectors of their opponents, while the strongest Russian weapon is energy supply restrictions. To safeguard one’s own energy security and solidify their political influences both states manage bilateral complementary “producer–consumer” relations, while to stabilize global oil price, both states participate in international energy alliances. For instrumental purposes, both states also take advantage of purposeful or spontaneous transformations of their energy sectors (e.g. consolidation of the Russian energy sector and the U.S. ‘shale revolution’) for foreign policy purposes.In most cases, the effectiveness of applying statecraft tools for advancing energy-related interests proved to be limited. Those sanctions and other ways of pressure that targeted opponents’ energy sectors (especially if applied unilaterally) themselves rarely led to desirable alterations in those opponents’ policies. The results of energy alliances building also have proved to be limited both for Russia and for the USA as those alliances do not secure full-fledged control over global oil prices and are not solid or representative enough.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>государственное управление</kwd><kwd>внешнеполитический инструментарий</kwd><kwd>энергетическая безопасность</kwd><kwd>трубопроводная политика</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>США</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>statecraft</kwd><kwd>foreign policy tools</kwd><kwd>energy security</kwd><kwd>pipeline politics</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боровский Ю. Политизация мировой энергетики // Международные процессы. 2008. Т. 6. № 1. С. 55–68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abrahamian E. 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