<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2023.21.1.72.6</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-304</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REALITY AND THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Перемирие как компонент войны, этап мирного процесса или формат «ни мира, ни войны»</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ceasefires as a Part of War, Peace Process,  or a “No Peace, No War” Format</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екатерина СтепановаМосква</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Екатеrina Stepanova</p><p>Moscow, 117997</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных  отношений им. Е.М. Примакова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations  of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>43–74</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Степанова Е., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Степанова Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stepanova E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/304">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/304</self-uri><abstract><p>Перемирия все более актуальны для современных вооружённых конфликтов и их урегулирования. В первые два десятилетия XXI века они также стали наиболее распространённой формой завершения конфликта, если он вообще имел какой-то выраженный исход. При этом почти половина перемирий либо ещё не является частью процесса политического урегулирования ключевых противоречий, по поводу которых ведётся вооружённое противостояние, либо вообще не имеет отношения к мирному процессу. Перемирие в его традиционном понимании – как технический этап на пути к миру – всё чаще превращается в перемирие в отсутствие мира, становится прагматичной альтернативой буксующему мирному процессу. Какие цели преследуют и какие функции выполняют перемирия на разных стадиях конфликта, включая мирный процесс, но не ограничиваясь им? Какие основные типы перемирий можно выделить на основе их функций по отношению к конфликту и глубинного целеполагания сторон? Статья посвящена поиску ответов на эти вопросы на концептуально-теоретическом и эмпирическом уровнях на основе анализа статистических данных и конкретных примеров в различных контекстах, при особом внимании к конфликтам в Сирии и на Донбассе. Предложена оригинальная функционально-целевая типология перемирий, согласно которой они подразделяются на три типа: перемирия как часть военных действий, перемирия «ради мира», то есть создания условий для мирных переговоров и содействия им, и перемирия как формат промежуточного состояния «ни мира, ни войны», в том числе как средство его упорядочивания вплоть до достижения определённой стабилизации. Практический смысл такой типологии состоит в прояснении вопроса об эффективности – успехе или провале – перемирия, от которого нет смысла ожидать одного результата в условиях, когда одна или все его стороны сознательно работают на иной результат, а также роли фактора насилия на этапе перемирия, которое может решать свои основные задачи даже в том случае, когда оно не ведёт к устойчивому прекращению огня.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ceasefires are increasingly relevant for contemporary conflicts and conflict management. During the first two decades of the 21st century, ceasefires also became the most widespread form of outcome for conflicts with any conclusive outcome. Half of all ceasefires, however, either had not yet been part of a political negotiated process to address key incompatibilities contested in an armed conflict, or had no relation to any peace process at all. A ceasefire in its traditional interpretation – as a technical stage on the way to peace – increasingly becomes a ceasefire in the absence of peace and a pragmatic alternative to a stalled peace process. What are the goals and functions of ceasefires at different conflict stages, including, but not limited to, a peace process? What are the main types of ceasefire based on its key function in conflict and on underlying goals and motivations of its parties? The article explores these questions at the theoretical/conceptual and empirical levels, on the basis of analysis of available statistical data and drawing upon concrete examples in various contexts, with special attention to conflicts in Syria and Donbass. It offers an original functional-motivational typology of ceasefires classified into three types: ceasefires as part of hostilities; ceasefires ‘for the sake of peace’ that aim at supporting and preparing conditions for peace negotiations; and ceasefires as a format of an intermediate state of ‘neither peace, nor war’, including as a means of structuring this semi-frozen state to achieve a degree of stabilization. In practical terms, this typology helps clarify (а) the issue of effectiveness – success of failure – of a ceasefire that should not be expected to advance or deliver one type of outcome if one or all of its parties deliberately seek to use it to achieve another type of outcome; (b) the role of the factor of armed violence at the stage of a ceasefire that may achieve its main, underlying goals even if it does not lead to lasting cessation of hostilities.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>перемирия</kwd><kwd>вооружённые конфликты</kwd><kwd>мирные процессы</kwd><kwd>насилие</kwd><kwd>функционально-целевая типология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ceasefires</kwd><kwd>armed conflicts</kwd><kwd>peace processes</kwd><kwd>violence</kwd><kwd>functional-motivational typology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бебешко Е.В., Шипилин П.И. Дипломатия перемирия: вопрос завершения советско-финской и начала лапландской войны // Ученые записки Крымского федерального университета имени В.И. Вернадского. Исторические науки. 2020. Т. 6 (72). № 1. С. 3–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(2021). ETH/PRIO Civil Conflict CeaseFire (ETH/PRIO CF). Center for Security Studies, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO). 1989–2020. URL: https://css.ethz.ch/en/research/datasets/civil-conflict-ceasefire.html#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9CETH%2FPRIO%20Civil%20Conflict,civil%20conflicts%20across%2065%20countries (accessed: 20.01.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давыдов О.В., Новичкова М.Н. Мирный процесс на Корейском полуострове: проблемы и пути развития // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2020. Т. 64. № 1. С. 56–63. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-1-56-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(2021). UCDP Conflict Termination Dataset. Version 3-2021. 1946–2020. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University. URL: https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html#termination (accessed: 21.01.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дронова С.Ю. Взаимоотношения между Страной Басков и Мадридом после установления перемирия с ЭТА: современность и перспективы развития политического диалога // Общество: политика, экономика, право. 2017. № 2. С. 26–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(2023). PA-Local: Peace Agreement Dataset (Local Agreements). 1990 – January 2023. Political Settlements Research Programme, University of Edinburgh. URL: https://www.peaceagreements.org/ lsearch (accessed: 19.07.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ки Кван Со. Советско-китайско-северокорейские консультации по вопросу о заключении перемирия в Корейской войне // Вопросы истории. 2020. № 10-3. С. 274–287. DOI: 10.31166/VoprosyIstorii202010Statyi47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(2023). PA-X Peace Agreements Database and Dataset, Version 7. 1990 – January 2023. Political Settlements Research Programme, University of Edinburgh. URL: https://www.peaceagreements.org (accessed: 20.01.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полякова Е.Ю. Ирландия в годы войны за независимость: от перемирия к мирному договору // Новая и новейшая история. 2022. № 5. С. 120–130. DOI: 10.31857/S013038640020639-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(2022). UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset (UCDP/PA). Version 22.1. 1975–2021. Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Department of Peace and Conflict Research. Uppsala University. URL: https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html#peaceagreement (accessed: 21.01.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанова Е.А. Мирный процесс: к содержательному определению // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2022. Т. 66. № 9. С. 5–18. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-9-5-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Åkebo М. (2016). Ceasefire Agreements and Peace Processes: A Comparative Study. Abingdon: Routledge. 230 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Åkebo М. Ceasefire Agreements and Peace Processes: A Comparative Study. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 230 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Badanjak S. (2021). The PA-X Peace Agreement Database: Reflections on documenting the practice of peacemaking. Pathways to Peace and Security. No. 2 (61). P. 24–42. DOI: 10.20542/2307-14942021-2-24-42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Badanjak S. The PA-X Peace Agreement Database: reflections on documenting the practice of peacemaking // Pathways to Peace and Security. 2021. No. 2 (61). P. 24–42. DOI: 10.20542/23071494-2021-2-24-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bara C., Clayton G., Rustad S.A. (2021). Understanding ceasefires. International Peacekeeping. Vol. 28. No. 3: Special Issue: Understanding Ceasefires. P. 329–340. DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2021.1926236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bara C., Clayton G., Rustad S.A. Understanding ceasefires // International Peacekeeping. 2021. Vol. 28. No. 3: Special Issue: Understanding Ceasefires. P. 329–340. DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2021.1926236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bell C., Badanjak S., Beujouan J., Epple T., Forster R. et al. (2020). PA-X Peace Agreements Database and Dataset, Version 4. Edinburgh: Political Settlements Research Programme, University of Edinburgh. 71 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bell C., Badanjak S., Beujouan J., Epple T., Forster R. et al. PA-X Peace Agreements Database and Dataset, Version 4. Edinburgh: Political Settlements Research Programme, University of Edinburgh, 2020. 71 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bell C., Wise L. (2022). Peace Processes and Their Agreements. In R. Mac Ginty and A. Wanis-St.John (eds.). Contemporary Peacemaking: Peace Processes, Peacebuilding and Conflict. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. P. 381–406.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bell C., Wise L. Peace processes and their agreements // Contemporary Peacemaking: Peace Processes, Peacebuilding and Conflict. R. Mac Ginty and A. Wanis-St.John (eds.). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022. P. 381–406.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bebeshko E.V., Shipilin P.I. (2020). Diplomatiya peremiriya: vopros zaversheniya sovestso-finskoi i nachala laplandskoi voiny [Ceasefire diplomacy: The issue of ending the Soviet-Finnish war and starting the Lapland war]. Uchonyie zapiski Krymskogo Federal’nogo Universiteta: Istoricheskiye nauki [Research Notes of the Crimean Federal University: History]. Vol. 6 (72). No. 1. P. 3–16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chounet-Cambas L. Negotiating Ceasefires: Dilemmas and Options for Mediators. Mediation Practice Series. Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2011. 40 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CEASEFIRES AS A PART OF WAR, PEACE PROCESS, OR A “NO PEACE, NO WAR” FORMAT</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clayton G., Nathan L., Wiehler C. Ceasefire success: a conceptual framework // International Peacekeeping. 2021. Vol. 28. No. 3: Special Issue: Understanding Ceasefires. P. 341–365. DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2021.1894934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chounet-Cambas L. (2011). Negotiating Ceasefires: Dilemmas and Options for Mediators. Mediation Practice Series. Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. 40 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clayton, G., Nygård H.M., Rustad S.C.A., Strand H. Ceasefires in civil conflict: a research agenda // Journal of Conflict Resolution. 2023. Vol. 67. No. 7–8. P. 1279–1295. DOI: 10.1177/00220027221128300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clayton G., Nathan L., Wiehler C. (2021). Ceasefire success: a conceptual framework. International Peacekeeping. Vol. 28. No. 3: Special Issue: Understanding Ceasefires. P. 341–365. DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2021.1894934.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clayton, G., Nygård H.M., Strand H., Rustad S.C.A., Wiehler C., Sagård T., Landsverk P., Ryland R., Sticher V., Wink E., Bara C. Introducing the ETH/PRIO Civil Conflict Ceasefire Dataset // Journal of Conflict Resolution. 2023. Vol. 67. No. 7–8. P. 1430–1451. DOI: 10.1177/00220027221129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clayton G., Nygård H.M., Rustad S.C.A., Strand H. (2023). Ceasefires in civil conflict: a research agenda. Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 67. No. 7–8. P. 1279–1295. DOI: 10.1177/00220027221128300.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clayton G., Sticher V. The logic of ceasefires in civil war // International Studies Quarterly. 2021. Vol. 65. No. 3. P. 633–646. DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqab026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clayton G., Nygård H.M., Strand H., Rustad S.C.A., Wiehler C., Sagård T., Landsverk P., Ryland R., Sticher V., Wink E., Bara C. (2023). Introducing the ETH/PRIO civil conflict ceasefire dataset. Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 67. No. 7–8. P. 1430–1451. DOI: 10.1177/00220027221129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ETH/PRIO Civil Conflict CeaseFire (ETH/PRIO CF). Center for Security Studies, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO). 1989–2020. URL: https://css.ethz.ch/en/research/datasets/civil-conflict-ceasefire.html#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9CETH%2FPRIO%20Civil%20Conflict,civil%20conflicts%20across%2065%20countries (accessed: 20.01.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clayton G., Sticher V. (2021). The logic of ceasefires in civil war. International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 65. No. 3. P. 633–646. DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqab026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forster R. Ceasefire Arrangements. PA-X Peace Agreements Database Spotlight Series. Edinburgh: Political Settlements Research Programme, University of Edinburgh, 2019. 15 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davydov O.V., Novichkova M.N. (2020). Mirnyi protsess na Koreiskom poluostrove: problemy i puti razvitiya [Peace process on the Korean peninsula: problems and prospects]. World Economy and International Relations. 2020. Vol. 64. No. 1. P. 56–63. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-156-63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fortna V.P. Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. 264 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dronova S.Yu. (2017). Vzaimootnosheniya mezhdu Stranoi Baskov i Madridom posle ustanovleniya peremiriya s ETA [Relations between the Basque State and Madrid following a ceasefire with ETA]. Obschestvo: politika, ekonomika, pravo [Society: Politics, Economics, Law]. No. 2. P. 26–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haysom N., Hottinger J. Do’s and Don’ts of Sustainable Ceasefire Agreements. Presentation revised for use by Peace Appeal in Nepal and Sri Lanka; initially presented to the Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD) Sudan Peace Process Workshop on Detailed Security Arrangements in Sudan During the Transition. 2010. URL: https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/DosAndDontofCeasefireAgreements_HaysomHottinger2010.pdf (accessed: 02.02.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forster R. (2019). Ceasefire Arrangements. PA-X Peace Agreements Database Spotlight Series. Edinburgh: Political Settlements Research Programme, University of Edinburgh. 15 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hinnebusch R., Imady O. Syria’s reconciliation agreements // Syria Studies. 2017. Vol. 9. No. 2: The Day After: Post-Uprising Realities and Challenges. P. 1–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fortna V.P. (2004). Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 264 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Högbladh S. UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset Codebook Version 22.1. Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, 2022. 14 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haysom N., Hottinger J. (2010). Do’s and Don’ts of Sustainable Ceasefire Agreements. Presentation revised for use by Peace Appeal in Nepal and Sri Lanka; initially presented to the Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD) Sudan Peace Process Workshop on Detailed Security Arrangements in Sudan During the Transition. URL: https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/DosAndDontofCeasefireAgreements_HaysomHottinger2010.pdf (accessed: 02.02.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakuş D. C. Resolution of local conflicts involving armed Islamists: The Syrian civil war, 2011–2021 // Pathways to Peace and Security. No. 1 (64). P. 58–75. DOI: 10.20542/2307-1494-2023-1-58-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hinnebusch R., Imady O. (2017). Syria’s reconciliation agreements. Syria Studies. Vol. 9. No. 2: The Day After: Post-Uprising Realities and Challenges. P. 1–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakuş D.C., Svensson I. Between the bombs: exploring partial ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War, 2011–2017 // Terrorism and Political Violence. 2020. Vol. 32. No. 4. P. 681–700. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2017.1393416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Högbladh S. (2022). UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset Codebook Version 22.1. Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University. 14 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kreutz J. Uppsala Conflict Termination Dataset Codebook. v.3 (2021). Uppsala: Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, 2021. 13 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakuş D.C. (2023). Resolution of local conflicts involving armed Islamists: the Syrian civil war, 2011– 2021. Pathways to Peace and Security. No. 1 (64). P. 58–75. DOI: 10.20542/2307-1494-20231-58-75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mac Ginty R. No War, No Peace: The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 230 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakuş D.C., Svensson I. (2020). Between the bombs: exploring partial ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War, 2011–2017. Terrorism and Political Violence. Vol. 32. No. 4. P. 681–700. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2017.1393416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matveeva A. Donbass at limbo: self-proclaimed republics in the inter-war period (2014–2021) // Pathways to Peace and Security. 2022. No. 1 (62): Special Issue: Peace Processes, Violence, and De Facto States. P. 92–106. DOI: 10.20542/2307-1494-2022-1-92-106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ki Kvan So (2020). Sovestko-kitaisko-severokoreiskiye konsul’tatsii po viprosu of zakluchenii peremiriya v Koreiskoi voine [Soviet-Chinese-North Korean consultations on ceasefire in the war in Korea]. Voprosy istorii [History Issues]. No. 10-3. P. 274–287. DOI: 10.31166/VoprosyIstorii202010Statyi47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PA-Local: Peace Agreement Dataset (Local Agreements). 1990 – January 2023. Political Settlements Research Programme, The University of Edinburgh. URL: https://www.peaceagreements.org/lsearch (accessed: 15.06.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kreutz J. (2021). Uppsala Conflict Termination Dataset Codebook. v.3 (2021). Uppsala: Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University. 13 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PA-X Peace Agreements Database and Dataset, Version 7. 1990 – January 2023. Political Settlements Research Programme, The University of Edinburgh. URL: https://www.peaceagreements.org (accessed: 15.06.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mac Ginty R. (2006). No War, No Peace: The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 230 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Slantchev B.L. The principle of convergence in wartime negotiations // American Political Science Review. 2003. Vol. 97. No. 4. P. 621–632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveeva A. (2022). Donbass at limbo: self-proclaimed republics in the inter-war period (2014–2021). Pathways to Peace and Security. No. 1 (62): Special Issue: Peace Processes, Violence, and De Facto States. P. 92–106. DOI: 10.20542/2307-1494-2022-1-92-106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sosnowski M. Negotiating statehood through ceasefires: Syria’s de-escalation zones // Small Wars and Insurgencies. 2020. Vol. 31. No. 7–8. P. 1395–1414. DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1829872.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polyakova Ye.Yu. (2022). Irlandiya v gody voiny za nezavisimost’: ot peremiriya k mirnomu dogovoru [Ireland during the war for independence: from ceasefire to peace treaty]. Novaya i noveishaya istoriya [Modern and Contemporary History]. 2022. No. 5. P. 120–130. DOI: 10.31857/S013038640020639-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stedman S.J. Spoiler problems in peace processes // International Security. 1997. Vol. 22. No. 2. P. 5–53. DOI: 10.2307/2539366.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slantchev B.L. (2003) The principle of convergence in wartime negotiations. American Political Science Review. Vol. 97. No. 4. P. 621–632.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stepanova E. Terrorism as a tactic of spoilers in peace processes // Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Conflict Resolution. E. Newmann and O. Richards (eds.). Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2006. P. 78–104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sosnowski M. (2020). Negotiating statehood through ceasefires: Syria’s de-escalation zones. Small Wars and Insurgencies. Vol. 31. No. 7–8. P. 1395–1414. DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1829872.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sticher V., Vuković S. Bargaining in intrastate conflicts: the shifting role of ceasefires // Journal of Peace Research. 2021. Vol. 58. No. 6. P. 1284–1299. DOI: 10.1177/0022343320982658.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stedman S.J. (1997). Spoiler problems in peace processes. International Security. Vol. 22. No. 2. P. 5–53. DOI: 10.2307/2539366.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UCDP Conflict Termination Dataset. Version 3-2021. 1946–2020. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University. URL: https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html#termination (accessed: 21.01.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanova E.A. (2022). Peace process: On substantive definition. World Economy and International Relations. Vol. 66. No. 9. P. 5–18. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-9-5–18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset (UCDP/PA). Version 22.1. 1975–2021. Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Department of Peace and Conflict Research. Uppsala University. 2022. URL: https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html#peaceagreement (accessed: 21.01.2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanova E. (2006). Terrorism as a tactic of spoilers in peace processes. In E. Newmann and O. Richards (eds.). Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Conflict Resolution. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. P. 78–104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zagorski A. The OSCE, Ukraine, and peace process // Pathways to Peace and Security. 2022. No. 1 (62): Special Issue: Peace Processes, Violence, and De Facto States. P. 121–132. 10.20542/23071494-2022-1-121-132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sticher V., Vuković S. (2021). Bargaining in intrastate conflicts: The shifting role of ceasefires. Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 58. No. 6. P. 1284–1299. DOI: 10.1177/0022343320982658.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zagorski A. (2022). The OSCE, Ukraine, and peace process. Pathways to Peace and Security. No. 1 (62): Special Issue: Peace Processes, Violence, and De Facto States. P. 121–132. 10.20542/23071494-2022-1-121-132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zagorski A. (2022). The OSCE, Ukraine, and peace process. Pathways to Peace and Security. No. 1 (62): Special Issue: Peace Processes, Violence, and De Facto States. P. 121–132. 10.20542/23071494-2022-1-121-132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
