<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2023.21.1.72.7</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-306</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕТОПИСЬ. События и люди</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CHRONICALS. People and events</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Дебаты вокруг законодательства о внешней торговле США как элемент разрядки в советско-американских  отношениях (1969–1979)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Debate around U.S. Foreign Trade Legislation as an Element of Détente in Soviet-American Relations  (1969–1979)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юнгблюд</surname><given-names>В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yungblyud</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валерий Юнгблюд</p><p>Киров</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valery Yungblyud</p><p>Kirov, 610000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valerteod@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильин</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyin</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Ильин</p><p>Киров</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitriy Ilyin</p><p>Kirov, 610000</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Вятский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vyatka State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>75–99</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юнгблюд В., Ильин Д., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юнгблюд В., Ильин Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yungblyud V., Ilyin D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/306">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/306</self-uri><abstract><p>Разрядка напряжённости в советско-американских отношениях, продолжавшаяся в течение 1970-х годов, была сложным и многогранным процессом. Взаимодействие СССР и США в области внешней торговли, трансфера технологий и научных обменов составляло важную часть этого процесса. С одной стороны, по мнению некоторых идеологов детанта, критическая масса установленных в соответствии с канонами равноправия и взаимной выгоды коммерческих связей и научно-технических проектов в обозримом будущем могла создать условия для преодоления «холодной войны» и мирного сосуществования систем. С другой – именно в сфере внешней торговли раньше всего проявились острые конфликты между внешнеполитическими целями сверхдержав и способностью их внутренних законодательных систем нормативно обеспечивать достижение этих целей. Данная статья посвящена рассмотрению процессов трансформации законодательства Соединённых Штатов в области внешней торговли в контексте разрядки и нацелена на внесение этого трека в картину формирования курса Вашингтона в отношении советского государства с конца 1960-х годов вплоть до декабря 1979 года. Источниковой основой исследования служат материалы обеих палат Конгресса, раскрывающие содержание дебатов по поводу принятия законов о регулировании экспорта и отражающие имевшиеся в то время точки зрения на данную проблему. Использованы также опубликованные или оцифрованные документы Государственного департамента и президентов Р. Никсона и Дж. Картера, отражающие их отношение к внешнеторговой проблематике. Показано, каким образом в процессе обновления нормативной базы внешней торговли взаимодействовали исполнительная и законодательная ветви власти. Обосновывается вывод о том, что при сохранении общего либерального вектора в развитии законодательства о внешней торговле ему всегда было свойственно наличие норм контроля за экспортом в социалистические страны наукоёмкой продукции, направленных на сдерживание научно-технического прогресса в СССР. Вследствие этого экономический фундамент разрядки в советско-американских отношениях оставался слабым и не смог воспрепятствовать конфронтационной рецессии начала 1980-х годов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Détente in Soviet-American relations throughout the 1970s was a complex and multifaceted process. The interaction of the two states as regards foreign trade, technology transfer and scientific exchanges was an important part of it. On the one hand, according to some détente ideologists, a critical mass of commercial ties along with scientific and technological projects established in accordance with the tenets of equality and mutual benefit could have created conditions for overcoming the Cold War and maintaining peaceful coexistence in the foreseeable future. At the same time, it was in the sphere of foreign trade that sharp disagreements first manifested themselves, indicating a clear-cut rift between the external political goals of the superpowers and the ability of their internal legislative systems to address these challenges. This article is devoted to reviewing the processes of transforming US foreign trade legislation during the détente period. It aims to insert this track into the pattern of forming Washington's course towards the Soviet state from the late 1960s to 1979. The research draws on the documents of both chambers of Congress, revealing the content of the debate on the adoption of export regulation laws and reflecting the views on this issue that existed at that time. The digital documents of the US State Department and Presidents R. Nixon and J. Carter are used to reflect their attitude vis-à-vis trade matters. It is shown how the executive and legislative branches interacted when updating the regulatory framework of foreign trade. The conclusion holds that while maintaining the general liberal vector in drafting foreign trade laws, they have always contained control standards for high-tech products export to socialist countries aimed at curbing scientific and technological progress in the USSR. As a result, the economic, scientific and technical foundation of détente in Soviet-American relations remained feeble and proved inadequate for preventing the confrontational recession in the early 1980s.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>«холодная война»</kwd><kwd>разрядка</kwd><kwd>экспортный контроль</kwd><kwd>режим наибольшего благоприятствования</kwd><kwd>советско-американские отношения</kwd><kwd>Конгресс США</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Cold War</kwd><kwd>détente</kwd><kwd>export control</kwd><kwd>most favored nation</kwd><kwd>Soviet-American relations</kwd><kwd>US Congress</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-28-01876, https:// rscf.ru/project/22-28-01876/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation No. 22-28-01876,  https://rscf.ru/en/project/22-28-01876/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арбатов Г.А. Затянувшееся выздоровление (1953–1985 гг.) Свидетельство современника. М.: Международные отношения, 1991. 400 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arbatov G.A. (1991) Zatyanuvsheesya vyzdorovlenie (1953–1985 gg.). Svidetel’stvo sovremennika [Prolonged recovery (1953–1985 gg.) The contemporarie’s testimony]. Moscow, Меzhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1991. 400 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Батюк В.И. Холодная война между США и СССР (1945–1991). Очерки истории. М.: Весь Мир, 2018. 336 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bange O., Villaume P. (eds) (2017). The Long Détente: changing concepts of security and cooperation in Europe, 1950s – 1980s. Budapest: Central European University Press. 358 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егорова Н.И. Понятие «разрядка» в 1950-е годы: советская и западная интерпретации // Холодная война и политика разрядки: дискуссионные проблемы (сборник статей) / Отв. ред. Н.И. Егорова, А.О. Чубарьян: В 2 т. Т. I. М.: Институт всеобщей истории РАН, 2003. С. 64–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batyuk V. I. (2018). Kholodnaya vojna mezhdu SSHA i SSSR (1945–1991). Ocherki istorii. [The Cold War Between the USA and the USSR (1945–1991). History Essays]. Moscow: Ves' Mir. 336 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кременюк В. Уроки холодной войны. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2015. 319 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bingham J. B. (1980). The Export Administration Act of 1979: A Congressional Perspective. Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting. Vol. 74. P. 88–94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Липкин М.А. Советский Союз и интеграционные процессы в Европе: середина 1940-х – конец 1960-х годов. М.: Русский фонд содействия образованию и науке, 2016. 560 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chapman B. (2013). Export Controls: A Contemporary History. Washington, DC: University Press of America. 430 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Печатнов В.О. Как иначе могла закончиться холодная война? // Окончание холодной войны в восприятии современников и историков: 1985 – 1991 / Под ред. О.В. Павленко, В.И. Журавлёвой. М.: РГГУ, 2021. С. 65–77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherkasov P.P. (2016) IMEMO. Ocherk istorii. [Essay on IMEMO History]. Izdatelstvo «VES MIR, Moscow». 872 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Печатнов В.О. Soviet-American Relations through the Cold War // История и политика / В.О. Печатнов. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2022. С. 361 – 376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Encounters with Kennan (1979). The Great Debate : George Kennan, Leopold Labedz, Melvin J. Lasky, Richard Lowenthal, Richard Pipes, Hugh Seton-Watson, George Urban. London, Frank Cass and Company Ltd. 218 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черкасов П.П. ИМЭМО. Очерк истории. М.: Весь Мир, 2016 г. 872 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Funigiello P. (1988). American-Soviet Trade in the Cold War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 357 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юнгблюд В.Т., Ильин Д.В. Поправка Джексона–Вэника и развитие советско-американских отношений в 1972–1975 гг. // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 2020. Т. 13. № 2. С. 7–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaddis J.L. (1987) The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War. N.Y.: Oxford U. P. 332 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bingham J.B. The Export Administration Act of 1979: A Congressional Perspective // Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting. 1980. Vol. 74. P. 88–94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garthoff R. (1994). Détente and Confrontation. American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. Washington: The Brookings Institution. 1147 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chapman B. Export Controls: A Contemporary History. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 2013. 430 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanhimaki J. (2013). The rise and fall of détente: American foreign policy and the transformation of the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. 274 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Encounters with Kennan. The Great Debate : George Kennan, Leopold Labedz, Melvin J. Lasky, Richard Lowenthal, Richard Pipes, Hugh Seton-Watson, George Urban. London, Frank Cass and Company Ltd., 1979. 218 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson I (2001). The Economic Cold War: America, Britain and East-West Trade, 1948–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 239 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Funigiello P. American-Soviet Trade in the Cold War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. 357 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kissinger H. (1979) White House Years. Boston: Little Brown &amp; Co. P. 1521.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaddis J.L. The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War. N.Y.: Oxford U. P., 1987. 332 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kieninger S. (2016). Dinamic Détente: the United States and Europe, 1964–1975. Lanham: Lexington Boooks. 356 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garthoff R. Détente and Confrontation. American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1994. 1147 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kremenjuk V. (2015) Uroki kholodnoi voiny [The lessons of the Cold War]. Мoscow: ZAO Izdatel’stvo «Aspect Press», 319 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanhimaki J. The rise and fall of détente: American foreign policy and the transformation of the Cold War. Washington, D.C., Potomac Books, 2013. 274 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipkin M.A. (2016). Sovetskij Soyuz i integratsionnye protsessy v Evrope: seredina 1940-h – konets 1960-h godov [The Soviet Union and Integration Processes in Europe: mid – 1940s – late 1960s.] Moscow.: Russkij fond sodeistvija obrazovaniju i nauke. 560 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson I. The Economic Cold War: America, Britain and East-West Trade, 1948–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. 239 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loth W. (2002). Overcoming the Cold War: a history of détente, 1950–1991. N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan. 255 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kissinger H. White House Years. Boston: Little Brown &amp; Co., 1979. P. 1521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loth W. (2003). Détente and the overcoming of the Cold War. In Yegorova N. I., Chubar'ian A.O. (eds) Kholodnaya vojna i politika razryadki: diskussionnye problemy. V 2-х tomakh. Vol. II. М.: Institut vseobshchei istorii RAN. P. 9–25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kieninger S. Dinamic Détente: the United States and Europe, 1964 – 1975. Lanham: Lexington Boooks, 2016. 356 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mastanduno M. (1992). Economic Containment: CoCom and Politics of East-West Trade. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 353 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loth W. Overcoming the Cold War: a history of détente, 1950 1991. N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 255 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pechatnov V.О. (2021). Kak inache mogla zakonchit'sya kholodnaya voyna? [How Could the Cold War Have Ended Differently?]. In Pavlenko O.V., Zhuravleva V.I. (eds) Оkonchanie kholodnoi voiny v vosprijatii sovremennikov i istorikov : 1985–1991. Мoscow: RGGU. P. 65–77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loth W. Détente and the overcoming of the Cold War // Холодная война и политика разрядки: дискуссионные проблемы (сборник статей) / Отв. ред. Н.И. Егорова, А.О. Чубарьян: В 2 т. Т. II. М.: Институт всеобщей истории РАН, 2003. С. 9–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pechatnov В.О. (2022). Soviet-American Relations through the Cold War. In Pechatnov В.О. Istoriya i Politika. Мoscow: Aspect Press. С. 361–376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mastanduno M. Economic Containment: CoCom and Politics of East-West Trade. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992. 353 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pipes R. (1981) U.S. – Soviet relations in the Era of Détente. Boulder, Westview Press. 227 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pipes R. U.S. – Soviet relations in the Era of Détente. Boulder: Westview Press, 1981. 227 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheh I. N. (2008). The Future Almost Arrived: How Jimmy Carter Failed to Change U.S. Foreign Policy. N.Y.: Peter Lang. 372 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saull R. Rethinking theory and history in the Cold War: the state, military power and social revolution. London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001. 238 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saull R. (2001). Rethinking theory and history in the Cold War: the state, military power and social revolution. London: Frank Cass Publishers. 238 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheh I.N. The Future Almost Arrived: How Jimmy Carter Failed to Change U.S. Foreign Policy. N.Y.: Peter Lang, 2008. 372 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Technology and East-West trade (1979). Washington, D.C.: US GPO, 303 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Technology and East-West trade. Washington, D.C.: US GPO, 1979. 303 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yegorova N. I. (2003). Poniatie «razriadka» v 1950-e gody: sovetskaia i zapadnaia interpretatsii [Détente’s Conception in the 1950s: Soviet and Western Interpretations]. In Yegorova N.I., Chubar'ian A.O. (eds) Kholodnaya vojna i politika razryadki: diskussionnye problemy. V 2-h tomakh. Vol. I. М.: Institut vseobshei istorii RAN. P. 64–90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Long Détente: changing concepts of security and cooperation in Europe, 1950s–1980s / Еd. by O. Bange, P. Villaume. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2017. 358 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yungblyud V.T., Ilyin D.V. (2020). Popravka Dzheksona – Venika i razvitie sovetsko-amerikanskih otnoshenij v 1972–1975 gg. [Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972–1975]. Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta. Vol.13. No. 2. P. 7–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
