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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2023.21.2.73.1</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-333</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REALITY AND THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Политика санкций в законопроектах Конгресса США</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>US Congress and Policy of Sanctions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимофеев</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timofeev</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимофеев Иван Николаевич </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan Timofeev – Associate Professor, Department of Political Theory</p><p> Moscow, 119454 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГИМО МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MGIMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тимофеев И.Н., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/333">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/333</self-uri><abstract><p>Конгресс США играет всё более заметную роль в американской политике санкций. Хотя президент и его администрация сохраняют за собой высокую автономию в вопросах внешней политики, Конгресс активно участвует в формировании повестки дня, разработке санкционных режимов, а также их последующей модификации. Утверждение санкций Конгрессом в законодательстве США консервирует их на длительный период. Подобная институциональная роль Конгресса ставит ряд исследовательских вопросов: какие содержательные приоритеты можно выделить сегодня в законотворческой деятельности Конгресса? совпадают ли данные приоритеты с деятельностью администрации? является ли тема санкций предметом консенсуса республиканцев и демократов, или выделяются специфические темы отдельных партий? что именно предлагается Конгрессом по таким приоритетным направлениям, как политика в отношении России, Китая, Ирана? какие именно санкции предлагает Конгресс? какова «выживаемость» законопроектов и какие приоритеты чаще получают поддержку законодателей? Проведён анализ 539 законодательных инициатив, предполагающих применение конкретных санкций. Охвачен период с января 2019 по апрель 2023 года. Информация закодирована в виде переменных, фиксирующих странымишени, политические поводы для санкций, предлагаемые санкционные меры, партийную принадлежность авторов законопроекта и другую информацию. Обработка данных показывает совпадение тематических приоритетов Конгресса и администрации, хотя по некоторым проблемам, таким как «иранская ядерная сделка», законодатели предпринимают попытки ограничить полномочия администрации. Данные демонстрируют наличие партийных расхождений по ряду вопросов, а также присутствие тем, продвигаемых отдельными партиями. Республиканцы заявили о себе как о локомотиве антикитайских санкций, непримиримых противниках восстановления «иранской ядерной сделки», сторонниках санкций в отношении Афганистана и т.п. Демократы продвигают политику санкций в новые области, такие как климат, экология, права меньшинств и т.п. Однако большая часть законопроектов всё же выдвигается представителями обеих партий. Именно они в большинстве своём становятся законами. Инструментарий предлагаемых санкций во многом универсален: блокировка активов, визовые санкции, торговые ограничения. В ряде законопроектов предлагаются особые ограничительные меры для отдельных стран, такие как участие в совместных оборонных программах. Китай и Россия – ключевые приоритеты Конгресса в вопросе санкций.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>U.S. Congress plays an increasing role in the American policy of economic sanctions. Although the President and the Administration retain a significant power in national foreign policy, including the use of sanctions, Congress affects political agenda, promotes its own design of sanctions and keeps an eye on their implementation and further upgrade. Emergence of sanctions in the pubic laws, initiated and passed by Congress, usually makes their revocation hardly possible and keeps them for a long term. Such an institutional role of Congress raises a number of research questions. What are the key target priorities for Congress in terms of sanctions policy? Do these priorities overlap with the ones of the Administration? Are there any partisan splits on sanctions or sanctions policy is rather a matter of bipartisan consensus? What instruments of sanctions does Congress prefer? What share of bills finally turns into public laws and what is a connection of bills success to partisan affiliation or priorities concerned? To deal with these questions, the article reflects an analysis of 539 Congressional bills on sanctions, introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate in 2019-2023. The database of bills includes such variables as targets of sanctions, political triggers of proposed restrictions, list of measures proposed, partisan affiliation of sponsors and cosponsors, etc. Results demonstrate the overlapping of priorities of Congress and Administration, though Congress attempts to constrain Administration on a number of issues, such as Iranian Nuclear Deal. There are specific partisan priorities. Republicans are proactive on sanctioning China, Iran and Afghanistan. Democrats are exploring new areas of sanctions use, such as climate, ecology, minorities’ rights, etc. Still, most of the bills have a bipartisan composition of sponsors and cosponsors. Most of successful bills, which turned into laws, are of bipartisan nature. Congressional bills imply the use of universal instruments of targeted sanctions such as asset blocking, visa bans or trade restrictions. However, country-specific measures, like suspension of particular military cooperation programs, are also on the radars of Congress. China and Russia a key priorities for Congress in terms of sanctions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>санкции</kwd><kwd>политика санкций</kwd><kwd>Конгресс США</kwd><kwd>президент США</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sanctions</kwd><kwd>policy of sanctions</kwd><kwd>US Congress</kwd><kwd>US President</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоногов А.М. Белый дом и Капитолий – партнёры и соперники. Принятие США международных обязательств. М.: Международные отношения, 1974. 197 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belonogov A. (1974). Belyj dom i Kapitolij – partner i soperniki. Prinyatie SSHA mezhdunarodnykh obyazatelstv [White House and Capitol Hill – Partners and Competitors. 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