intertrendsМеждународные процессыInternational Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy1728-27561811-2773AEFIR10.17994/IT.2023.21.2.73.3intertrends-335Research ArticleРЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯREALITY AND THEORYРеалистский конструктивизм: новый взгляд на теорию нормRealist constructivism: a new perspective on norm theoryВиньоА. С. Л.Crowley-VigneauA.

Виньо Анн Софи Луиз - кандидат политических наук, PhD, доцент Факультета международных отношений, представитель Центра евроазиатских исследований Редингского университета

Москва

Рединг 

Dr Anne Crowley-Vigneau – Associate Professor of International Affairs, Country Representative, Centre for Euro-Asian Studies

 Moscow, 119454 

 Reading, RG6 6UR, United Kingdom 

БайковА. А.BaykovA.

Байков Андрей Анатольевич - кандидат политических наук, доцент, проректор по научной работе

Москва

 Dr Andrey Baykov – Vice Rector for Research Affairs 

 Moscow, 119454 

УолфортУ.WohlforthW. C.

Уолфорт Уильям - PhD, профессор 

 Хановер 

 Dr William C. Wohlforth – Daniel Webster Professor of Government 

 Hanover, 03755 

МГИМО МИД России ; Редингский университетРоссияMGIMO University ; University of ReadingRussian FederationМГИМО МИД РоссииРоссияMGIMO UniversityRussian FederationДартмутский колледжСоединённые Штаты АмерикиDartmouth CollegeUnited States2023071220232124462Copyright © Виньо А., Байков А.А., Уолфорт У., 20232023Виньо А., Байков А.А., Уолфорт У.Crowley-Vigneau A., Baykov A., Wohlforth W.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/335

В своей работе мы дополняем научные исследования о реалистском конструктивизме, демонстрируя его потенциал в том, что касается обогащения теории норм и прояснения роли государства в формировании идентичности. Основная проблема, препятствующая в полной мере раскрытию потенциала реалистского конструктивизма, заключается в согласовании взглядов конструктивистов на нормы как векторы универсальных этических стандартов с позицией представителей реалистской школы, рассматривающих их в качестве инструментальных каналов трансляции государственных интересов. Мы разрешаем это противоречие, подчёркивая существование двух различных типов норм: индивидуальных и групповых. Первые основаны на фундаментальных и неотъемлемых правах человека – они обладают универсальностью и устойчивостью. Вторые ориентированы, в свою очередь, на коллективные права и интересы, что делает их более подверженными инструментализации со стороны государств и, следовательно, более неопределёнными и изменчивыми. Реалистский конструктивизм позволяет нам признать сосуществование обоих типов норм и проанализировать их взаимодействие. Наша концепция прошла эмпирическую проверку на примере двух норм, касающихся индивидуальных прав (норма по запрещению противопехотных мин и пыток), двух норм, связанных с групповыми интересами (норма, способствующая переходу к «зелёной» энергетике, и норма, продвигающая создание университетов мирового класса), и одного пограничного случая (норма по недопущению геноцида). В статье показывается, что усилия по переосмыслению норм второй категории и их увязывание с правами человека привели к неожиданным результатам, легитимировав новые принципы и придав им силу. С другой стороны, инструментализация норм первой категории в угоду национальным интересам может привести к их ослаблению, что влечёт за собой потерю авторитета на международной арене.

We contribute to the advancement of scholarship on realist constructivism by illustrating its potential to enrich norm theory and elucidate the role of states in shaping identities. The primary challenge in fully realizing the potential of realist constructivism lies in reconciling constructivists' perspectives on norms as carriers of universal ethical standards with realists' emphasis on their instrumental value for state interests. We address this contradiction by highlighting the existence of two distinct types of norms: individual and group norms. Individual norms are grounded in fundamental and inalienable human rights, exhibiting universality and resilience. In contrast, group norms primarily address collective rights and interests, rendering them more susceptible to instrumentalization by states and thus more contingent and changeable. Realist constructivism enables us to acknowledge the coexistence of both types of norms and analyze their interactions. Our framework is empirically tested using two norms concerning individual rights (the norm against anti-personnel landmines and the norm against torture), two norms related to group interests (the norm promoting the green energy transition and the norm of world-class universities), and one borderline case (the norm against genocide). We show that efforts to frame norms of the second category and to graft them onto the human rights discource have yielded intriguing outcomes, legitimizing and empowering new principles of interntional governance. Conversely, the instrumentalization of norms from the first category to serve national interests can weaken them, leading to a loss of credibility on the international stage.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.