intertrendsМеждународные процессыInternational Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy1728-27561811-2773AEFIR10.46272/IT.2024.22.1.76.1intertrends-461Research ArticleОТ ТЕОРИИ К ПРАКТИКЕFROM THEORY TO PRACTICEПраво как инструмент противодействия политическому давлению. Что нужно знать гражданам России в случае уголовного преследования в странах ЕС?Law as a Tool to Counter Political Coercion. What Shall Russian Citizens Know About Their Rights in Case of Criminal Prosecution in the EU?КасьяновРустамKasyanovRustamТоркуноваЕкатеринаTorkunovaEkaterinaМГИМО МИД России, МоскваРоссияMGIMO University, Moscow, 119454Russian Federation202410102024221СИЛА УБЕЖДЕНИЯ4262Copyright © Касьянов Р., Торкунова Е., 20242024Касьянов Р., Торкунова Е.Kasyanov R., Torkunova E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/461

Ограничительные меры ЕС причиняют ущерб российской экономике, поставив на паузу политическое взаимодействие. Экономические субъекты получают поддержку со стороны государства и уже приспособились жить в новых условиях. В наиболее уязвимом положении находятся российские граждане и соотечественники, которые находятся в странах ЕС и по этой причине не всегда могут рассчитывать на оперативную помощь России. В середине 2022 г. Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации представило доклад «О нарушениях прав российских граждан и соотечественников в зарубежных странах», фиксировавший массовые нарушения прав россиян на Западе. В нём приведена информация по большинству государств–членов Европейского союза, из которой следуют многочисленные подтверждённые факты нарушений. Особенно уязвимы российские граждане, в отношении которых начато уголовное преследование. В статью включены информационно-аналитические материалы для российских граждан и соотечественников, при помощи которых они смогут лучше защитить свои права в странах ЕС. Для этого проведён анализ применимого права Европейского союза, Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод, изучены возможности реализации в уголовном процессе права на устный и письменный перевод, права на информацию о своих правах и сути обвинения, права на помощь адвоката и на юридическую помощь, права на общение с родственниками, работодателями и консульскими учреждениями. Была изучена практика Европейского суда по правам человека с целью обозначить основные правила, которые регулируют возмездность и качество услуг адвоката и переводчика. В заключение сформулированы рекомендации, которые помогут российским гражданам лучше защищать свои права в случае уголовного преследования в государствах–членах ЕС, что особенно актуально в условиях беспрецедентного политического давления Запада на Россию.

The EU restrictive measures, causing damage to the Russian economy, have suspended political interaction. Economic entities receive state aid and have already tailored to the new conditions. Russian citizens and fellow citizens, who stay in the EU countries and may not always reckon upon the urgent assistance of the Russian Federation owing to this reason, are the most vulnerable in this situation. The report “On Violations of the Rights of Russian Citizens and Fellow Citizens in Foreign Countries”, submitted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in the middle of 2022, indicates the “overwhelming discrimination of Russians”, which “was shocking by its absurdity” – that is where the rights of Russians are violated by the “collective West” on a large scale. The report provides information on the numerous recorded facts of the violations in most Member States of the European Union. Russian citizens, against whom criminal prosecution has been initiated, are especially in a precarious position. The article was designed to include information and analysis data, through which Russian citizens as well as fellow citizens could have obtained better protection of their rights in the EU countries. For this reason, the analysis of the relevant provisions of the EU law and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms was conducted. Furthermore, the attainability of the right to interpretation and translation, the right to information on rights and information about the charges, the right to legal advice and legal aid, so as the right to communicate with relatives, employers and consular authorities in criminal proceedings was scrutinized. The European Court of Human Rights case-law was examined to denote major rules governing compensatory nature and quality of legal counsel and translation services. Certain recommendations, which Russian citizens may find helpful in terms of protection of their rights when facing criminal prosecution in the EU Member States, were laid down in conclusion of the present Article, which is especially relevant in terms of the unprecedented political pressure the West puts on Russia.

российский гражданинуголовный процессустный и письменный переводпомощь адвокатаправо Совета Европыпрактика Европейского суда по правам человекаправо Европейского союзаRussian citizencriminal procedureinterpretation and translation legal adviceCouncil of Europe lawthe European Court of Human Rights case-lawEuropean Union lawReferencesВойников В.В., Энтин М.Л. К 20-летию пространства свободы, безопасности и правосудия ЕС // Современная Европа. 2019. № 4 (90). С. 5–16.Albrecht P.-A., Braum S. (1999). Deficiencies in the Development of European Criminal Law. European Law Journal. Vol. 5. No. 3. P. 293–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0386.00084Гаджиев Х.И. Право на справедливое судебное разбирательство // Российская юстиция. 2022. № 5. С. 75–80.Beernaert M. (2022). Salduz n’a (toujours) pas dit son dernier mot : quelques nouveaux enseignements de la Cour européenne quant au droit à l’assistance d’un avocat lors de l’enquête pénale : (obs. sous Cour eur. dr. h., arrêt Tonkov c. Belgique, 8 mars 2022, et arrêts Dubois c. France et Wang c. France, 28 avril 2022). Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'Homme. No. 132. P. 977–986. https://doi. org/10.3917/rtdh.132.0977Касьянов Р.А. Европейская Конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод и европейский публичный порядок // Законы России: опыт, анализ, практика. 2013. № 12. С. 65–70.Callewaert J. (1991). Procès équitable et égalité entre les accusés, note sous CEDH 19-12-1989 (Kamasinski c. Autriche). Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme. Vol. 2. No. 6. P. 230–240.Ковлер А.И. «Европейский правовой порядок» и Россия: проблемы определения юридического значения европейских правозащитных стандартов, вырабатываемых в практике ЕСПЧ // Имплементация решений Европейского Суда по правам человека в российской правовой системе: концепции, правовые подходы и практика обеспечения: Монография / Под ред. В. В. Лазарева. М.: Норма, 2019. С. 44–71.Callewaert J. (2023). The Recent Luxembourg Case-Law on Procedural Rights in Criminal Proceedings: Towards Greater Convergence with Strasbourg? EU Law Live. P. 1–8.Albrecht P.-A., Braum S. Deficiencies in the Development of European Criminal Law // European Law Journal. 1999. Vol. 5. No. 3. P. 293–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0386.00084Cape E., Hodgson J. (2014). The Right to Access to a Lawyer at Police Stations: Making the European Union Directive Work in Practice. New Journal of European Criminal Law. Vol. 5. No. 4. P. 450–479. https://doi.org/10.1177/203228441400500404Beernaert M. Salduz n’a (toujours) pas dit son dernier mot : quelques nouveaux enseignements de la Cour européenne quant au droit à l’assistance d’un avocat lors de l’enquête pénale : (obs. sous Cour eur. dr. h., arrêt Tonkov c. Belgique, 8 mars 2022, et arrêts Dubois c. France et Wang c. France, 28 avril 2022) // Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'Homme. 2022. No. 132. P. 977–986. https:// doi.org/10.3917/rtdh.132.0977Daly Y., Conway V. (2021). Selecting a lawyer: the practical arrangement of police station legal assistance. J Law Soc. Vol. 48. No. 4. P. 618–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/jols.12317Callewaert J. Procès équitable et égalité entre les accusés, note sous CEDH 19.12.1989 (Kamasinski c. Autriche) // Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme. 1991. Vol. 2. No. 6. P. 230–240.Daly Y.M. (2014). The right to silence: Inferences and interference. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. Vol. 47. No. 1. P. 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865813497732Callewaert J. The Recent Luxembourg Case-Law on Procedural Rights in Criminal Proceedings: Towards Greater Convergence with Strasbourg? // EU Law Live. 2023. P. 1–8.Deharo G. (2016). [Jurisprudence] Restriction du droit d'accès à un avocat. La lettre juridique. Édition n°67029. URL : https://www.lexbase.fr/article-juridique/34599451-jurisprudence-restriction-dudroit-d-acces-a-un-avocat (дата обращения: 20.02.2024).Cape E., Hodgson J. The Right to Access to a Lawyer at Police Stations: Making the European Union Directive Work in Practice // New Journal of European Criminal Law. 2014. Vol. 5. No. 4. P. 450–479. https://doi.org/10.1177/203228441400500404Fichera M. (2013). Criminal Law beyond the State: The European Model. European Law Journal. Vol. 19. No. 2. P. 174–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12020Daly Y., Conway V. Selecting a lawyer: the practical arrangement of police station legal assistance // J Law Soc. 2021. Vol. 48. No. 4. P. 618–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/jols.12317Gadzhiev H.I. (2022). Pravo na spravedlivoe sudebnoe razbiratel'stvo [Right to a fair trial]. Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. No. 5. P. 75–80.Daly Y.M. The right to silence: Inferences and interference // Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 2014. Vol. 47. No. 1. P. 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865813497732Jimeno-Bulnes M. (2003). European Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters. European Law Journal. Vol. 9. No. 5. P. 614–630. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-0386.2003.00195.xDeharo G. [Jurisprudence] Restriction du droit d'accès à un avocat // La lettre juridique. 2016. Édition n°67029. URL : https://www.lexbase.fr/article-juridique/34599451-jurisprudence-restriction-dudroit-d-acces-a-un-avocat (дата обращения: 20.02.2024).Kamber K. (2020). Remedies for breaches of prisoners’ rights in the European Prison Rules. New Journal of European Criminal Law. Vol. 11. No. 4. P. 467–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 2032284420963891Fichera M. Criminal Law beyond the State: The European Model // European Law Journal. 2013. Vol. 19. No. 2. P. 174–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12020Kasyanov R.A. (2013). Evropeyskaya Konventsiya o zashchite prav cheloveka i osnovnykh svobod i evropeyskiy publichnyy poryadok [The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and European Public Order]. Zakony Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktika. No. 12. P. 65–70.Jimeno-Bulnes M. European Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters // European Law Journal. 2003. Vol. 9. No. 5. P. 614–630. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-0386.2003.00195.xKovler A.I. (2019). «Evropeyskiy pravovoy poryadok» i Rossiya: problemy opredeleniya yuridicheskogo znacheniya evropeyskikh pravozashchitnykh standartov, vyrabatyvaemykh v praktike ESPCH [«European Legal Order» and Russia: problems of determining the legal meaning of European human rights standards developed in the practice of the ECHR]. In: V. V. Lazarev (ed.) Implementation of the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in the Russian Legal System: concepts, legal approaches and practice. Moscow: Norma. P. 44–71.Kamber K. Remedies for breaches of prisoners’ rights in the European Prison Rules // New Journal of European Criminal Law. 2020. Vol. 11. No. 4. P. 467–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/2032284420963891Mancano L. (2021). A theory of justice? Securing the normative foundations of EU criminal law through an integrated approach to independence. European Law Journal. Vol. 27. No. 4–6. P. 477–501. DOI: 10.1111/eulj.12442Mancano L. A theory of justice? Securing the normative foundations of EU criminal law through an integrated approach to independence // European Law Journal. 2021. Vol. 27. No. 4–6. P. 477–501. doi:10.1111/eulj.12442de Matteis L. (2023). The EPPO’s legislative framework: Navigating through EU law, national law and soft law. New Journal of European Criminal Law. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 20322844231158317de Matteis L. The EPPO’s legislative framework: Navigating through EU law, national law and soft law // New Journal of European Criminal Law. 2023. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 20322844231158317Öberg J. (2021). Guest editorial: EU agencies in transnational criminal enforcement: From a coordinated approach to an integrated EU criminal justice. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. Vol. 28. No. 2. P. 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211005977Öberg J. Guest editorial: EU agencies in transnational criminal enforcement: From a coordinated approach to an integrated EU criminal justice // Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. 2021. Vol. 28. No. 2. P. 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211005977Öberg J., Mitsilegas V., Caunes K. (2021). European integration in context: Questioning the normative foundations of European criminal law. European Law Journal. Vol. 27. No. 4–6. P. 350–355. https:// doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12453Öberg J., Mitsilegas V., Caunes K. European integration in context: Questioning the normative foundations of European criminal law // European Law Journal. 2021. Vol. 27. No. 4–6. P. 350–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12453Pivaty A., Beazley A., Daly Y.M., de Vocht D., ter Vrugt P. (2021). Strengthening the protection of the right to remain silent at the investigative stage: What role for the EU legislator? New Journal of European Criminal Law. Vol. 12. No. 3. P. 427–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/2032284421102831 983Pivaty A., Beazley A., Daly Y. M., de Vocht D., ter Vrugt P. Strengthening the protection of the right to remain silent at the investigative stage: What role for the EU legislator? // New Journal of European Criminal Law. 2021. Vol. 12. No. 3. P. 427–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/2032284421102831983Rubi-Cavagna É. (2018). Le droit pénal de l'Union européenne : un droit pénal commun porteur de valeurs ? Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé. No. 3. P. 663–674. https://doi.org/10.3917/ rsc.1803.0663Rubi-Cavagna É. Le droit pénal de l'Union européenne : un droit pénal commun porteur de valeurs ? // Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé. 2018. No. 3. P. 663–674. https://doi.org/ 10.3917/rsc.1803.0663Sánchez C. R., Rodríguez E. P. (2021). The Modest ECtHR Supervision of Spain´s Prison System. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice. Vol. 60. No. 4. P. 564–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/ hojo.12431Sánchez C.R., Rodríguez E.P. The Modest ECtHR Supervision of Spain´s Prison System // The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice. 2021. Vol. 60. No. 4. P. 564–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12431Soo A. (2017). How are the member states progressing on transposition of Directive 2013/48/EU on the right of access to a lawyer?: An inquiry conducted among the member states with the special focus on how Article 12 is transposed. New Journal of European Criminal Law. Vol. 8. No. 1. P. 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/2032284417699294Soo A. How are the member states progressing on transposition of Directive 2013/48/EU on the right of access to a lawyer?: An inquiry conducted among the member states with the special focus on how Article 12 is transposed // New Journal of European Criminal Law. 2017. Vol. 8. No. 1. P. 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/2032284417699294Voynikov V.V., Entin M.L. (2019). K 20-letiyu prostranstva svobody, bezopasnosti i pravosudiya ES. [To the 20th anniversary of the EU space of freedom, security and justice]. Sovremennaya Evropa. No. 4 (90). P. 5–16.Weis K. Ecba Autumn Conference 2009 – The Future of Citizen’s Rights in Criminal Proceedings in the European Union: Stockholm, Sweden – 2 & 3 October 2009 // New Journal of European Criminal Law. 2010. Vol. 1. No. 1. P. 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/203228441000100109Weis K. (2010). Ecba Autumn Conference 2009 – The Future of Citizen’s Rights in Criminal Proceedings in the European Union: Stockholm, Sweden – 2 & 3 October 2009. New Journal of European Criminal Law. Vol. 1. No. 1. P. 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/203228441000100109

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.