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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2019.17.3.58.2</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-552</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REALITY AND THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Почему вторичные санкции эффективны? Опыт принудительных мер властей США против американского и зарубежного бизнеса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Why Do Secondary Sanctions Work? United States Government versus American and International Business</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимофеев</surname><given-names>Иван</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timofeev</surname><given-names>Ivan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимофеев Иван Николаевич - кандидат политических наук, программный директор Российского совета по международным делам (РСМД)</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr Ivan Timofeev - Programme Director, Russian International Affairs Council</p><p>Moscow, 119454; Moscow, 129366, </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">itimofeev@russiancouncil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГИМО МИД России, Институт психологии РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MGIMO University, Russian International Affairs Council, Institute of Psychology of the RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тимофеев И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/552">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/552</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена проблеме эффективности экономических санкций, которые в возрастающей степени используются в качестве инструмента внешней политики. Она выходит за рамки традиционного подхода, в котором эффективность оценивается с точки зрения изменения политического курса страны-цели под влиянием санкций. Вместо привычной связки «государство–государство» автор исследует влияние санкций на поведение бизнеса, то есть рассматривает их эффективность в связке «государство–бизнес». На опыте США по применению вторичных санкций против американского и зарубежного бизнеса поднимаются два исследовательских вопроса. Первый: почему бизнес нарушает санкции? являются ли такие нарушения преднамеренными или случайными? Второй: как влияют на соблюдение санкционных законов вторичные санкции (штрафы)? Меняют ли они поведение бизнеса в сторону лояльности к американским властям, или компании продолжают нарушать «правила игры»? Исследовательские гипотезы предполагают, что нарушение бизнесом режимов санкций имеет рациональную мотивацию: он действует преднамеренно с целью максимизации прибыли. Однако штрафы, порождающие риск ещё более значительных потерь, склоняют к соблюдению санкций. Для проверки гипотез на основе материалов расследований Минфина США создана база данных, в которой отражено 205 случаев применения штрафных мер властями США против бизнеса за последние 10 лет (2009–2019). База данных состоит из 73 переменных. Полученные данные обработаны методами частотного анализа. Проведённая работа не подтвердила гипотезу о преднамеренном характере нарушений со стороны бизнеса. Такие нарушения присутствуют, но они не являются преобладающей практикой. Вторая гипотеза подтверждена: компании существенно меняют своё поведение в сторону соблюдения режимов санкций. Исследование даёт принципиально новую картину эффективности санкций США как мирового лидера по числу случаев их применения. В отличие от связки «государство–государство» в связке «государство–бизнес» они показывают высокую эффективность.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article addresses the issue of economic sanctions’ efficiency as an instrument of coercion in international relations. It goes beyond traditional approach where efficiency means an ability of an initiator-state to change a behavior of a target-state. Instead of a traditional “state vs. state” framework, the article makes a stress on the ability of an initiator-state to affect behavior of business at home and abroad i.e. it makes a focus on “state vs. business” framework. The U.S. governmental enforcement actions provide an empirical material for research. There are two major research questions. (1) Why does business violate the U.S. sanctions’ regimes? Is it a rational strategy to maximize profit or a result of reckless behavior or inaccuracy? (2) Does business change its behavior when affected by enforcement measures of the U.S. government? Are the U.S. secondary sanctions against business effective in terms of making business more loyal to the U.S. legislation? Research hypotheses imply that business misbehavior is rational and that the governmental measures make business change it in favor of compliance to the U.S. sanctions’ legislation. To test these hypotheses the author constructs quantitative database on 205 cases of the U.S. enforcement actions against business in 2009-2019. Investigation materials of the U.S. regulators provide empirical source for this database, composed of 73 variables. Descriptive statistics falsifies hypothesis on rational nature of violations by business – its misbehavior is rather reckless than willful. However, data supports an assumption about a significant impact of enforcement actions on business in terms of much better compliance to the U.S. sanctions’ legislation. These results show that while sanctions may be poorly effective in “state vs. state” framework, they are more effective when it comes to “state vs. business”.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>политика санкций</kwd><kwd>вторичные санкции</kwd><kwd>ограничительные меры</kwd><kwd>штрафы</kwd><kwd>бизнес</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>Министерство финансов США</kwd><kwd>эффективность санкций</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sanctions policy</kwd><kwd>secondary sanctions</kwd><kwd>restrictive measures</kwd><kwd>penalties</kwd><kwd>business</kwd><kwd>U.S.</kwd><kwd>U.S. Departments of Treasury</kwd><kwd>sanctions efficiency</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Часть исследования проведена при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда (проект No 18-18-00439).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Part of the research was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 18-18-00439).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bapat N.A., Heinrich T., Kobayashi Y., Morgan C. 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