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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2019.17.2.57.6</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-563</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИКСИРУЕМ ТЕНДЕНЦИЮ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CATCHING A TREND</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cоюзники России: формальные обязательства и фактическое сотрудничество</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russia’s Allies: Formal Obligations vs. Effective Cooperation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомин</surname><given-names>Иван</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomin</surname><given-names>Ivan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фомин Иван Владленович - кандидат политических наук, доцент факультета социальных наук Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики»; научный сотрудник Лаборатории анализа международных процессов МГИМО МИД России</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr Ivan Fomin - Associate Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, National Research University Higher School of Economics; Research Fellow, Laboratory of International Trends Analysis, MGIMO University</p><p>Moscow, 101000; Moscow, 119454; Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fomin.i@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Силаев</surname><given-names>Николай</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Silaev</surname><given-names>Nikolay</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Силаев Николай Юрьевич - кандидат исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник Лаборатории анализа международных процессов МГИМО МИД России</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr Nikolay Silaev - Senior Research Fellow, Laboratory of International Trends Analysis, MGIMO University</p><p>Moscow, 119454</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарычева</surname><given-names>Анна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarycheva</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макарычева Анна Владимировна - кандидат политических наук, научный сотрудник Лаборатории анализа международных процессов МГИМО МИД России</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr Anna Makarycheva - Research Fellow, Laboratory of International Trends Analysis, MGIMO University</p><p>Moscow, 119454</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Столярова</surname><given-names>Светлана</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stolyarova</surname><given-names>Svetlana</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Столярова Светлана Андреевна - аспирант кафедры мировых политических процессов МГИМО МИД России</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ms Svetlana Stolyarova - Doctoral Candidate, Department of World Political Processes, MGIMO University</p><p>Moscow, 119454</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шавлай</surname><given-names>Эллина</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shavlay</surname><given-names>Ellina</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шавлай Эллина Петровна - аналитик Лаборатории анализа международных процессов МГИМО МИД России</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ms Ellina Shavlay - Analyst, Laboratory of International Trends Analysis, MGIMO University</p><p>Moscow, 119454</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», МГИМО МИД России, ИНИОН РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics, MGIMO University, INION RAN</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГИМО МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MGIMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>130</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Фомин И., Силаев Н., Макарычева А., Столярова С., Шавлай Э., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фомин И., Силаев Н., Макарычева А., Столярова С., Шавлай Э.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fomin I., Silaev N., Makarycheva A., Stolyarova S., Shavlay E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/563">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/563</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается вопрос о соотношении формальных (юридически оформленных) военно-политических союзов и фактической военно-политической кооперации во внешней политике России. На основании ряда параметров военно-политического сотрудничества России с её партнёрами проведено количественное исследование, позволившее оценить, в какой степени наличие у России официальных союзнических обязательств с той или иной страной связано с уровнем интенсивности и устойчивости фактического сотрудничества между двумя странами. Для оценки уровней фактической военно-политической кооперации между Россией и её партнерами использованы четыре показателя: долевой объём российских вооружений в общем объёме вооружений, поставляемых в страну, количество совместных с Россией военных учений, наличие на территории страны российской военной базы и уровень совпадения позиции страны с позицией России при голосовании в Генеральной Ассамблее ООН. Проведённый анализ показал, что во внешней политике России не прослеживается значимой линейной связи между провозглашённым союзничеством и фактическим военным сотрудничеством и что наличие формального, то есть зафиксированного в договоре, союза статистически значимо коррелирует только с одним показателем сотрудничества между странами – с уровнем совпадения позиций при голосованиях в Генеральной Ассамблее ООН. Полученные результаты позволили сформулировать гипотезу о том, что в российской внешней политике формальные союзы играют роль механизма, обеспечивающего выполнение партнёрами России своих обязательств в рамках сделок по обмену российских военных ресурсов на ресурсы международной политической поддержки. Кроме того, на основании собранных данных составлена четырёхчастная типология партнёров России, предполагающая их деление на четыре типа в зависимости от уровня фактической военно-политической кооперации и наличия или отсутствия юридически закреплённых союзнических обязательств. Показано, что число официальных союзников Москвы, которые в реальности почти не сотрудничают с ней в военно-политической сфере, оказалось в полтора раза больше числа государств, для которых договорные обязательства сопряжены с действительной кооперацией.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article explores the correlation between Russia’s formal alliance obligations and the patterns of its actual military and political cooperation. Using a number of quantitative indicators of cooperation between Russia and other countries of the world the research tests the hypothesis of whether Russia’s formal obligations are associated with the scope and stability of its actual cooperation with the partners. Four indicators are used to measure the levels of the actual military and political cooperation: the share of the Russian armaments in the total amount of the country’s arms imports, the number of joint military exercises with Russia, the deployment of Russia’s military bases on the country’s territory and the UN General Assembly affinity scores. The level of formal alliance obligations is measured based on the Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions project data. The multiple regression analysis shows no significant association between the level of formal alliance commitments and the actual military cooperation, but demonstrated that the level of formal obligations does significantly correlate with the UN General Assembly affinity scores. Based on the results of the analysis, the article further hypothesizes that Russia uses formal alliances as tools to enforce bargains in which its close partners are expected to provide Russia with international political support in exchange for its military resources. Moreover, the article presents an attempt to divide all the countries in the world into four groups based on the levels of their formal and actual affinity to Russia, showing that the majority of Russia’s formal allies does not actively cooperate with it in terms of military cooperation or political support.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>союзы</kwd><kwd>союзники России</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика России</kwd><kwd>военно-политическое сотрудничество</kwd><kwd>международное сотрудничество</kwd><kwd>неформальные союзники</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>alliances</kwd><kwd>Russia’s allies</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>Russian foreign policy</kwd><kwd>military and political cooperation</kwd><kwd>international cooperation</kwd><kwd>informal allies</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счёт гранта Российского научного фонда (проект №17-78-20170).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дегтерёв Д.А. 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