<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2019.17.1.56.1</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-572</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REALITY AND THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Советско-американские переговоры 1978–1979 годов по запрещению противоспутникового оружия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Soviet-American Talks 1978–1979 on Prohibition of Antisatellite Weapons</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юнгблюд</surname><given-names>Валерий</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yungblud</surname><given-names>Valery</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юнгблюд Валерий Теодорович - доктор исторических наук, профессор, Президент Вятского государственного университета</p><p>Киров</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Dr Valery Yungblud - President, Vyatka State University</p><p>Kirov</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valerteod@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Збоев</surname><given-names>Артём</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zboyev</surname><given-names>Artyom</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Збоев Артём Викторович - кандидат исторических наук, экскурсовод Музея К.Э. Циолковского, авиации и космонавтики</p><p>Киров</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr Artyom Zboyev - Museum of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, Aviation and CosmonauticsKirov</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Вятский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vyatka State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Музей К.Э. Циолковского, авиации и космонавтики</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Museum of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, aviation and cosmonautics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юнгблюд В., Збоев А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юнгблюд В., Збоев А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yungblud V., Zboyev A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/572">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/572</self-uri><abstract><p>Переговорный процесс по проблеме противоспутникового оружия (ПСО) был важной составной частью американосоветского диалога на завершающем этапе разрядки международной напряжённости. Переговоры 1978–1979 годов по этой теме стали возможными вследствие того, что руководство обеих стран в те годы рассматривало безопасность комплексно. В повестку двусторонних переговоров проблема ПСО была включена для того, чтобы ограничить милитаризацию космоса и исключить одностороннее нарушение силового паритета. В своё время эти переговоры не подлежали широкой огласке. В статье рассмотрен процесс подготовки американской стороны к переговорам с советскими коллегами, показан уровень осведомлённости американских переговорщиков о реальном состоянии дел в области ПСО в СССР. Анализируются вызовы, стоявшие перед американской администрацией в военнокосмической сфере, мотивы её руководителей, позиции ключевых ведомств (Госдепартамента, военных, Белого дома). Рассматриваются причины провала переговоров и его последствия. 1970е годы вошли в историю как период крупнейших достижений в области ограничения вооружений и сотрудничества в создании механизмов поддержания стабильности в мире, проявившихся в первую очередь в подписании ряда советскоамериканских соглашений об ограничении различных видов вооружений. ПСО в те годы была относительно новой проблемой, требовавшей комплексного изучения и продуманного двустороннего (а в перспективе и многостороннего) решения. Американские военные осознавали растущую зависимость от своей спутниковой группировки, обеспечивающей функции связи, разведки  и  геопозиционирования. Серьёзные  опасения  в  Вашингтоне  вызывали  испытания в СССР системы ИС («истребитель спутников»). Разработка собственных противоспутниковых систем в США затягивалась, что привело к установлению дисбаланса между двумя сверхдержавами в военнокосмической сфере. Стремясь исправить эту ситуацию, президент Дж. Картер стал руководствоваться «двухколейным подходом». С одной стороны, США активизировали работы по созданию спутникового перехватчика, с другой – были инициированы переговоры с СССР с целью подписания соглашения, ограничивающего или запрещающего средства ПСО. Выработка тактики и формулирование перед американской делегацией задач к предстоящим переговорам осложнялись спецификой ПСО и межведомственными разногласиями. Фактически перед американской дипломатией ставилась задача побудить СССР пойти на уступки, не предлагая взамен ничего равноценного. Первое обращение к СССР с предложением начать переговоры американцы сделали в марте 1977 года, однако стороны сели за стол переговоров только в июне 1978го в Хельсинки. Два следующих раунда  прошли  в  январе–феврале  и  в  апреле–июне 1979 года. В ходе полемики выявилось несколько принципиальных разногласий, в частности по поводу того, какие и чьи спутники должны подлежать защите, какие противоспутниковые системы должны быть запрещены. Переговоры по ПСО были приостановлены без определённого результата сначала в связи с ожиданием ратификации договора ОСВ2, позже – из-за афганских событий конца 1979 года. В статье приведены новые сведения о содержании и особенностях переговорного процесса в годы разрядки международной напряжённости, что позволяет выделить некоторые характерные черты деятельности американской дипломатии в неблагоприятных для неё условиях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The negotiation process on the issue of anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) was an important part of the American-Soviet dialogue at the final stage of the Detente. The Soviet-American conversations on this topic in 1978-1979 became possible due to the fact that in the governments of both countries in those years security was considered comprehensively. In this regard, the ASAT problem was included in the agenda of bilateral negotiations in order to limit the militarization of space and eliminate unilateral violation of power balance. Initially these negotiations were not subject to wide publicity. The article describes the process of preparing the American government for negotiations with Soviet colleagues, establishes the level of awareness of American negotiators about the real state of affairs in the field of ASAT in the USSR. Article analyzes the challenges faced by the US administration in the military space, the motives of its leaders, the positions of key departments (the State Department, the military, the White House). The reasons for the failure of the negotiations and its consequences are considered. 1970s was the period of the greatest achievements in the field of arms limitation and cooperation in creating mechanisms to maintain stability in the world, appeared primarily in the signing of a number of Soviet-American agreements on the limitation of various types of weapons. During these years ASAT was a relatively new problem required a comprehensive study and a well-considered bilateral (and in the long term and multilateral) solution. The US military was aware of the growing significance of American satellites in providing communications, intelligence, and geolocation functions. Serious concerns in Washington were caused by tests of co-orbital satellite interceptors in the USSR. The development of American anti-satellite systems in the United States was delayed, which led to an imbalance between the two superpowers in the military-space sphere. Guided by the desire to correct this problem, President J. Carter, who took office in January 1977, began to provide a “two-track approach”. On the one hand, he intensified research and development activities on the creation of a satellite interceptor. On the other hand, negotiations with the USSR have been initiated with a view to signing an agreement restricting or prohibiting ASAT systems. However, the development of an action strategy and the formulation of tasks for the American delegation to the upcoming negotiations was complicated by the specific nature of the ASAT issues and interdepartmental disagreements. In fact, American diplomacy got the task to induce the USSR to make concessions without offering anything equivalent in return. The first appeal to the USSR with the proposal to begin negotiations was made by the USA in March 1977, but for the first conversations began only in June 1978 in Helsinki. The other two rounds took place in January-February and April-June 1979. During the debates, several fundamental differences emerged, in particular, about interpretations of ASAT and protected satellites. The ASAT negotiations were suspended without a definite result initially due to the expectation of ratification of the SALT-II, and finally due to the Afghan events of the end of 1979. The article contains new information about the content and features of the negotiation process in the years of the Detente of international tensions and makes it possible to identify some characteristic features of the activities of American diplomacy in unfavorable conditions for it.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>холодная война</kwd><kwd>разрядка</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика США</kwd><kwd>Дж. Картер</kwd><kwd>противоспутниковое оружие</kwd><kwd>милитаризация космоса</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Cold war</kwd><kwd>Détente</kwd><kwd>US foreign policy</kwd><kwd>J. Carter</kwd><kwd>anti-satellite weapons</kwd><kwd>militarization of space</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Публикация подготовлена в рамках поддержанного РГНФ научного проекта № 17-01-00330.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The publication was prepared within the framework of the scientific project No. 17-01-00330 supported by the Russian National Science Foundation.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Королёв С.И., Матвеев Н.К. Космические аппараты серии Зенит: Учеб. пособие. СПб., 2005. 45 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(2009). SHCHit Rossii: sistemy protivoraketnoj oborony [Shield of Russia: Missile Defence Systems]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo MGTU im. N.EH. Baumana, 2009. 504 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Космос: оружие, дипломатия, безопасность / Под ред. А. Арбатова, В. Дворкина. М.: РОССПЭН, 2009. 175 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(2013). Foreign Relations of the United States [Further – FRUS], 1977–1980. Vol. VI: Soviet Union. Washington: US GPO.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щит России: системы противоракетной обороны. М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2009. 504 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(2014). FRUS, 1977–1980. Vol. I: Foundations of Foreign Policy. Washington: US GPO, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хлестов О.Н. СССР, Россия и мировой порядок. 70 лет служения Отечеству. М.: Издательско-торговая корпорация «Дашков и К°», 2017. 171 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(2015). FRUS, 1977–1980. Vol. XX: Eastern Europe, 1977–1980. Washington: US GPO.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юнгблюд В.Т., Воробьёва Т.А. Советско-китайский раскол в американской политике разрядки международной напряжённости (1968–1973 гг.) // Вестник Нижегородского университета им. Н.И. Лобачевского. 2018. № 1. С. 47–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">(2015). FRUS, 1977–1980. Vol. XXVI: Arms Control and Nonproliferation. Washington: US GPO.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юнгблюд В.Т., Збоев А.В. Развитие военно-космических программ США в период разрядки // Россия и Америка в XXI веке. 2017. № 3. URL: http://www.rusus.ru/?act=read&amp;id=592</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arbatov A., Dvorkin V. (eds) (2009). Kosmos: oruzhie, diplomatiya, bezopasnost' [Space: weapon, diplomacy, security]. Moscow: ROSSPEN. 175 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker J.A. A U.S. ASAT: Do We need It? Maxwell Air Force Base, 1989. 43 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker J. A. (1989). A U.S. ASAT: Do We need It? Maxwell Air Force Base. 43 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bulkeley R., Spinardi G. Space Weapons: Deterrence or Delusion? Totowa: Barnes &amp; Noble Books, 1986. 378 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulkeley R., Spinardi G. (1986). Space Weapons: Deterrence or Delusion? Totowa: Barnes &amp; Noble Books. 378 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (CCST). Soviet Space Programs: 1976–80. Pt. 1. Wash.: US GPO, 1982. 454 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation [Further – CCST]. (1982). Soviet Space Programs: 1976–80. Pt. 1. Washington: US GPO. 454 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1977–1980. Vol. I: Foundations of Foreign Policy. Wash.: USGPO, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gottfried K. (1984). An ASAT test ban treaty. Space Weapons – The Arms Control Dilemma / ed. by B. Jasani. London; Philadelphia: Taylor &amp; Francis. P. 131–144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1977–1980. Vol. VI: Soviet Union. Wash.: US GPO, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hays P.L. (2011). Space and Security: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. 289 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1977–1980. Vol. XX: Eastern Europe, 1977–1980. Wash.: US GPO, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hunter R.C. (1995). A United States Antisatellite Policy for a Multipolar World. Maxwell Air Force Base. 57 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1977–1980. Vol. XXVI: Arms Control and Nonproliferation. Wash.: USGPO, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jasani B. (ed.) (1984). Space Weapons – The Arms Control Dilemma. L.; Philadelphia: Taylor &amp; Francis, 1984. 255 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gottfried K. An ASAT test ban treaty // Space Weapons – The Arms Control Dilemma / ed. by B. Jasani. L.; Philadelphia: Taylor &amp; Francis, 1984. P. 131–144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">KHlestov O.N. (2017). SSSR, Rossiya i mirovoy poryadok. 70 let sluzheniya Otechestvu [USSR, Russia and the World Order. 70 years on service for Fatherland]. Moscow: Izdatelsko-torgovaya corporatsiya "Dashkov &amp; Co.". 171 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hays P.L. Space and Security: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 2011. 289 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korolyov S.I., Matveyev N.K. (2005). Kosmicheskie apparaty serii Zenit [Spacecraft Zenith series]. Saint-Petersburg. 45 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hunter R.C. A United States Anti-satellite Policy for a Multipolar World. Maxwell Air Force Base, 1995. 57 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hunter R.C. A United States Anti-satellite Policy for a Multipolar World. Maxwell Air Force Base, 1995. 57 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leitenberg M. Case Study 1 – The History if U.S. Anti-satellite Weapon Systems // Studies of Military R&amp;D and Weapons Development. 1984. URL: https://fas.org/man/eprint/leitenberg/asat.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leitenberg M. Case Study 1 – The History if U.S. Anti-satellite Weapon Systems // Studies of Military R&amp;D and Weapons Development. 1984. URL: https://fas.org/man/eprint/leitenberg/asat.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michaud M.A.G. Reaching for the High Frontier: The American Pro-Space Movement, 1972–84. N.Y.: Praeger, 1986. 468 p. URL: http://space.nss.org/reaching-for-the-high-frontier-chapter-11/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michaud M.A.G. Reaching for the High Frontier: The American Pro-Space Movement, 1972–84. N.Y.: Praeger, 1986. 468 p. URL: http://space.nss.org/reaching-for-the-high-frontier-chapter-11/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nuclear Arms Control: Background and Issues. Wash.: National Academies Press, 1985. 356 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nuclear Arms Control: Background and Issues. Wash.: National Academies Press, 1985. 356 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piotrowski J.L. Seminar on Strategic Defense and ASAT Weapons. Wash., 1989. 33 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piotrowski J.L. Seminar on Strategic Defense and ASAT Weapons. Wash., 1989. 33 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Slocombe W. Approaches to an ASAT Treaty // Space Weapons – The Arms Control Dilemma / ed. by B. Jasani. L.; Philadelphia: Taylor &amp; Francis, 1984. P. 145–156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slocombe W. Approaches to an ASAT Treaty // Space Weapons – The Arms Control Dilemma / ed. by B. Jasani. L.; Philadelphia: Taylor &amp; Francis, 1984. P. 145–156.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith M. Satellite and missile ASAT systems and potential verification problems associated with existing Soviet systems // Space Weapons – The Arms Control Dilemma / ed. by B. Jasani. L.; Philadelphia: Taylor &amp; Francis, 1984. P. 83–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith M. Satellite and missile ASAT systems and potential verification problems associated with existing Soviet systems // Space Weapons – The Arms Control Dilemma / ed. by B. Jasani. L.; Philadelphia: Taylor &amp; Francis, 1984. P. 83–92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Space Weapons – The Arms Control Dilemma / ed. by B. Jasani. L.; Philadelphia: Taylor &amp; Francis, 1984. 255 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Space Weapons – The Arms Control Dilemma / ed. by B. Jasani. L.; Philadelphia: Taylor &amp; Francis, 1984. 255 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wertheimer J. The Antisatellite negotiations // Superpower Arms Control: Setting the Record Straight / ed. by A. Carnesale and R. N. Haass. Cambridge: Ballinger Pub. Co., 1987. Р. 139–157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wertheimer J. The Antisatellite negotiations // Superpower Arms Control: Setting the Record Straight / ed. by A. Carnesale and R. N. Haass. Cambridge: Ballinger Pub. Co., 1987. Р. 139–157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
