intertrendsМеждународные процессыInternational Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy1728-27561811-2773AEFIR10.17994/IT.2018.16.4.55.8intertrends-595Research ArticleФИКСИРУЕМ ТЕНДЕНЦИЮCATCHING A TRENDПочему государства заимствуют экологические нормы: опыт РоссииTransnational Networks and Russia's Environmental PoliciesВиньоАннVigneauAnne

Виньо Анн (Франция) - аспирантка кафедры прикладного анализа международных проблем МГИМО МИД России

Москва

Dr Anne Vigneau - Doctoral Candidate, MGIMO University

Moscow, 119454

acrowleyvigneau@yahoo.frБайковАндрейBaykovAndrey

Байков Андрей Анатольевич - доцент, кандидат политических наук, доцент кафедры прикладного анализа международных проблем МГИМО МИД России

Москва

Dr Andrey Baykov - Associate Professor, Department of Applied International Political Analysis, MGIMO University

Moscow, 119454

МГИМО МИД РоссииРоссияMGIMO UniversityRussian Federation201826052025164137153Copyright © Виньо А., Байков А., 20252025Виньо А., Байков А.Vigneau A., Baykov A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/595

В данной статье исследуется очевидное противоречие между недостаточной озабоченностью российской общественности экологическими проблемами и быстрым принятием в России строгих экологических законов. Настоящим авторы представляют обзор экологических вызовов для России, мер, принимаемых правительством в ответ на них, и своё мнение относительно того, насколько россияне в действительности чувствительны к экологическим проблемам. Затем они определяются с четырьмя сценариями появления такого рода норм, дополняют перечень имеющейся литературы по данному вопросу, а также предлагают типологию, в рамках которой следует рассматривать российский случай. Четыре представленные модели возникновения и диффузии норм показывают, что в процессе принятия в стране новых законодательных актов инициатива может исходить от политических субъектов различного уровня при той или иной степени международного давления. В свою очередь, в случае с государствами, озабоченными проблемой защиты своего суверенитета, международное давление, как правило, осуществляется не напрямую, а в результате рутинного межправительственного взаимодействия. При этом эффективность и степень такого воздействия тем выше, чем активнее в этом вопросе действуют транснациональные экспертно-профессиональные сети (transnational expertise and experience network, TEENs/ТЭПС), назначение которых состоит в адаптации международной нормы к локальным страновым условиям и содействии её имплементации. Каждая из описанных моделей появления норм предполагает свои особенности в отношении реализации соответствующих норм.

This article offers an analysis of why Russia does not implement the environmental policies adopted by the government. Transnational Advocacy Networks have an impact on the adoption of environmental laws as they act through various mechanisms and among others on an inter-governmental level without necessarily having an impact on the society itself. This explains why norms get adopted but may not get implemented. Based on the existing literature on TANs the authors analyze the fact that TANs operate not only as Advocacy Networks for the adoption of norms but also as what the authors of this article coin as Expertise and Experience Networks which aid norm implementation. Countries can be affected by TANs but not by TEENs, which explains the paradoxical situation in Russia regarding norm implementation. The difference between the two only becomes apparent in cases when they do not operate simultaneously. The four presented models of the emergence and diffusion of norms show that in the process of adoption of new legislative acts in the country, the initiative can come from political actors of different levels with varying degrees of international pressure. In turn, in the case of states concerned with the problem of protecting their sovereignty, international pressure, as a rule, is carried out not directly, but as a result of routine intergovernmental interaction. At the same time, the effectiveness and degree of such an impact is the higher, the more transnational expertise and experience network are active in this matter, the purpose of which is to adapt the international norm to local country conditions and to facilitate its implementation. Each of the described models for the emergence of norms implies its own peculiarities in relation to the implementation of the relevant norms.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.