intertrendsМеждународные процессыInternational Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy1728-27561811-2773AEFIR10.17994/IT.2018.16.2.53.5intertrends-636Research ArticleАНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЗМЫANALYTICAL PRISMSОт гражданской и нормативной силы к стрессоустойчивости? Эволюция идейных основ внешней деятельности ЕСFrom Civilian and Normative Power to Resilience: Ideational Foundations of the EU's External PolicyРомановаТатьянаRomanovaTatiana

Романова Татьяна Алексеевна - кандидат политических наук, доцент, доцент Кафедры европейских исследований Санкт-Петербургского государственногоуниверситета

Санкт-Петербург

Dr Tatyana Romanova - Associate Professor, Department of European Studies, Saint Petersburg State University

Saint Petersburg 191060

t.romanova@spbu.ruПавловаЕленаPavlovaElena

Павлова Елена Борисовна - кандидат политических наук, доцент, доцент Кафедры европейских исследований Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета; старший исследователь Университета Тарту

Санкт-Петербург, Тарту

Dr Elena Pavlova - Associate Professor, Department of European Studies, Saint Petersburg State University; Senior Researcher, University of Tartu

Saint Petersburg 191060, Tartu, Estonia

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университетРоссияSaint Petersburg State UniversityRussian FederationСанкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Университет ТартуРоссияSaint Petersburg State University, Tartu UniversityRussian Federation20182406202516273–90Copyright © Романова Т., Павлова Е., 20252025Романова Т., Павлова Е.Romanova T., Pavlova E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/636

Опубликованная в 2016 г. Глобальная стратегия Европейского Cоюза (ЕС) зафиксировала в его внешней деятельности концепцию стрессоустойчивости (resilience). Цель статьи– выявить взаимосвязь новой категории с понятиями гражданской (мягкой) и нормативной силы, ключевыми концепциями внешней политики ЕС прежних лет. Сравнение проводится по трём аспектам: исторический контекст появления и использования, роль ценностей и интересов, а также соотнесение внутренних и внешних для ЕС процессов в артикуляции и реализации концепций. Концепции гражданской и нормативной силы возникли как осмысление опыта деятельности Европейского экономического сообщества / ЕС на пике их развития и использовались главным образом в научных публикациях. ЕС заимствовал категорию стрессоустойчивости в кризисный период из международной практики, но подверг эту концепцию существенной перекодировке. В интерпретации ЕС эта категория призвана примирить ценностное измерение, сформулированное в прошлом, и прагматические интересы сегодняшнего дня. Более конкретно: связующим звеном становятся «прагматизм, основанный на принципах» и определение ценностей как интересов. Существенное внимание уделяется  угрозам.  Трансформируются  и  инструменты  распространения  ценностей: на партнёров Брюсселя возлагается бóльшая ответственность, процесс технократизируется, приоритет отдаётся диалогу интеграционного объединения с гражданским обществом третьих стран. В этой связи авторы предлагают определить стрессоустойчивость в риторике и практике ЕС как обороняющуюся нормативную силу. Наконец, она, как и концепции гражданской силы и нормативной силы, используется как точка сборки внутренних процессов в ЕС и его внешней деятельности. В то же время стрессоустойчивость контекстуальна. Процесс распространения норм односторонен, включение партнёров в нормативное ядро не планируется. ЕС предполагает для них трансформацию, но для себя – стабилизацию, сохранение уже достигнутого, а не дальнейшее переосмысление норм. Описанная трактовка стрессоустойчивости противоречит логике нормативной силы, но позволяет сравнить стрессоустойчивость с гражданской (мягкой) силой.

The 2016 EU’s Global Strategy introduced the concept of resilience. The goal of this article is to identify continuity and change between resilience, on the one hand, and civilian (soft) power and normative power (two concepts that previously formed the ideational basis of the EU’s foreign relations), on the other hand. Three aspects are compared: historical context of how three concepts developed; the role of values and interests;  and  correlation  between  internal  and  external  for  the  EU’s  processes  in  the  articulation and realisation of the concepts. Historical aspects demonstrate three differences. The concepts of civilian power and normative power emerged as a result of the analysis of the EEC / EU’s activities at the peak of their developments; they have mostly been used in the academia and did not require any official explanation. Resilience was borrowed from the international practice at the  time when  the  EU  faced various crises. However, the EU substantially transformed this concept, which required official explanations. The EU has made an effort to reconcile values, formulated earlier, with interests of today. The notion of principled pragmatism and values defined as interests have been used accordingly. The EU also pays attention to risks (as oppose to the resources of resilience and relevant governance techniques). The instruments to promote values have also undergone transformation: the EU puts greater responsibility on its partners, the process of values’ promotion became more technocratic whereas the EU  prioritises dialogues with civil societies of third countries. Therefore, we suggest defining the EU’s resilience  as defensive normative power. Finally, resilience, like civilian power and normative power before, is used to bridge the EU’s internal developments with its external activities. However, the EU’s resilience is context­ based. Norms are promoted unilaterally, the inclusion of partners into the core is not foreseen. The EU expects transformation on the part of its partners but stabilisation and protection of  what  has  been achieved for itself (rather than further reassessment and development of norms). This interpretation of resilience contradicts the  notion of the  normative power but  allows for  parallels between resilience  and civilian  (soft)  power.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.