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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2017.15.2.49.2</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-695</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REALITY AND THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Кризис государств-наций на Ближнем Востоке</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Crisis of the Nation-States in the Middle East</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наумкин</surname><given-names>Виталий</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Naumkin</surname><given-names>Vitaly</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наумкин Виталий Вячеславович - академик РАН, доктор исторических наук, профессор, научный руководитель Института востоковедения РАН, заведующий Кафедрой региональных проблем Факультета мировой политики МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Dr Vitaly Naumkin - Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academic Director, Institute of Oriental Studies of the RAS</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vinaumkin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт востоковедения РАН, МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Наумкин В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Наумкин В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Naumkin V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/695">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/695</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается процесс эволюции системы государств-наций на Ближнем Востоке в столетней ретроспективе – с момента распада Османской империи до настоящего времени. Анализируются попытки создания арабами собственной государственности на месте бывших вилайетов, в частности в Леванте, как в форме общеарабского государства, так и в форме отдельных, страновых образований. Произвольно прочерченные границы и закабаление стран региона системой мандатов заложили основу современной конфликтности. С созданием «еврейского национального очага» в Палестине сформировался новый конфликтный узел, и нациестроительство палестинцев и евреев пошло по пути эксклюзивизма. Нерешённость курдской проблемы также создала почву для разгорания в будущем межэтнической конфронтации. В процессе государственного строительства обозначилась дилемма – национально-территориальная партикуляризация vs. интеграционизм. Разного рода халифатистские проекты, в том числе осуществляемые экстремистскими террористическими группировками, рассматриваются в русле интеграционистского тренда. Критически оценивается классификация «Аль-Каиды» рядом западных авторов и частью военного истеблишмента как «транснационального, или глобального исламистского повстанческого движения». В течение длительного периода государства-нации подвергались многочисленным угрозам и вызовам, которые здесь сгруппированы в десять типов. Среди них, в частности: межгосударственные и гражданские войны; мятежи, революции и перевороты и т.п. В статье обосновывается тезис о том, что одной из неотъемлемых характеристик системы институтов в странах Ближнего и Среднего Востока является дуалистичность, или, точнее, множественность силовых структур. В настоящее время в силу воздействия центробежных сил регион Ближнего Востока переживает трудный этап многоэтапной фрагментации с непредсказуемыми последствиями, особенно с точки зрения среды региональной и глобальной безопасности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article explores the evolution process of the system of nation-states in the Middle East over a hundred-year period from the time of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire until the present day. It offers an analysis of the attempts undertaken by the Arabs to build up their own national statehood in replacement of the former vilayets, particularly in the Levant, both in the form of a Pan-Arab state and in the form of separate countries. The arbitrarily designated borderlines and the enslavement of the regional states through a system of mandates have laid the foundation for the conflict environment to prevail.</p><p>Following the origination of the “Jewish national home” in Palestine, another conflict node emerged, and the nation-building efforts by the Palestinians and the Jews have been directed along the track of exclusivism. The unresolved status of the Kurdish problem has also predetermined the formation of the breeding ground for the future inter-ethnic confrontation. The state-building process has given rise to a dilemma – the national and territorial particularization vs integrationism. Various Caliphate projects, including those implemented by the extremist, terrorist groups, are examined through the prism of the integrationist trend. The classification of Al-Qaida suggested by several Western authors and certain part of the military establishment (D. Kilcullen, D. Petreus) and categorized as a transnational or global Islamist rebel movement is challenged.</p><p>Over a protracted period, the nation-states have been subjected to numerous threats and dangers, which are grouped here into ten types. Among them, inter alia, are interstate and civil wars; riots, revolutions and military coups etc. The article provides substantiation for the assertion that one of the inalienable characteristic features of the system of institutions in the Middle Eastern countries is the duality or, more precisely, multiplicity of the defense and law enforcement agencies. Currently, due to the impact of the centrifugal forces, the Middle East region is undergoing a difficult period of multi-stage fragmentation that entails unpredictable consequences, especially with respect to the regional and global security environment.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нация-государство</kwd><kwd>гражданская война</kwd><kwd>революция</kwd><kwd>кризис</kwd><kwd>дезинтеграция</kwd><kwd>дуализм</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nation-states</kwd><kwd>civil wars</kwd><kwd>revolutions</kwd><kwd>crisis</kwd><kwd>disintegration</kwd><kwd>dualism</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья выполнена по гранту Российского научного фонда на 2017-2019 гг., проект №17-18-01614 «Проблемы и перспективы международно-политической трансформации Ближнего Востока в условиях региональных и глобальных угроз».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was carried out under a grant from the Russian Science Foundation for 2017-2019, project No. 17-18-01614 "Problems and prospects of the international political transformation of the Middle East in the context of regional and global threats".</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Звягельская И.Д. 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