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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2016.14.2.45/4</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-768</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REALITY AND THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Политико-экономические стимулы экологизации энергетики: вопросы теории и опыт Германии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Political and Economic Incentives of Green Energy: Questions of Theory and Experience of Germany</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тоганова</surname><given-names>Наталья</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Toganova</surname><given-names>Natalia</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тоганова Наталья Владимировна – кандидат экономических наук, и.о. заведующей Сектором экономики науки и инноваций, Институт мировой экономики и международных отношений им. Е.М. Примакова Российской академии наук (ИМЭМО РАН)</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr Natalia Toganova – PhD (Economics), Head of Sector of Science and Innovation Economics, Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO)</p><p>Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">toganova@imemo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт мировой экономики и международных отношений им. Е.М. Примакова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тоганова Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тоганова Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Toganova N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/768">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/768</self-uri><abstract><p>За последние два с половиной десятилетия ФРГ прошла путь успешного развития экологически ответственной энергетики: выросла доля возобновляемых источников энергии в общем объеме потребления электроэнергии, сформировался сектор ВИЭ, а развитие зеленой энергетики поддерживается всеми партиями и широкими слоями населения. На базе теорий возникновения и эволюции, а также теоретических и аналитических работ о роли различных факторов в развитии зеленой энергетики автор анализирует ее становление в ФРГ. Автор приходит к выводу, что на разных этапах нормативного закрепления экологической ответственности в энергетике роль отдельных социально-экономических переменных была различной, поэтому нельзя объяснять успех Германии только одной из них. Напротив, необходимо говорить об их синергетическом взаимовлиянии на протяжении длительного периода времени. Автор показывает, что на этапе первоначального обсуждения ключевую роль играло общественное мнение, тогда как на этапе, когда норма уже сложилась и была принята всеми ключевыми игроками, ключевую роль в ее практическом воплощении взяло на себя государство, которое своими действиями стремится создать благоприятные условия и заручиться поддержкой других игроков. Экономические соображения имеют амбивалентное значение для становления нормы: с одной стороны, без финансовых вложений немыслимо было бы развитие отрасли, с другой – жажда выгоды подталкивает отдельные группы к лоббированию распространения и закрепления новых правил (последнее происходит, когда норма уже частично укоренилась). Формирование поддерживающих норму групп, а также развитие самого сектора во многом объясняется инертностью германского законодательства: федеративная структура препятствует быстрым изменениям и однажды принятый закон сложно отменить. Это привело к непредвиденному росту расходов на ВИЭ, но также и к росту их доли в энергопотреблении. Соображения обеспечения безопасности, связанные с поддержанием бесперебойного снабжения экономики электроэнергией, играл на этапе становления нормы меньшую роль, но в связи с ростом объема «зеленой» энергии оказывает значимое влияние на ее дальнейшее развитие. Анализ становления экологически ответственной энергетики Германии говорит о том, что на мировой арене появился субъект, которому распространение соответствующего нормативного режима на международном уровне выгодно, но что закрепление нормы зависит от множества обстоятельств.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>During the last two and a half decades Germany worked its way up to the successful development of green energy: the percent of renewable energy in the electric power consumption shot up, the renewable energy sector took shape, and the development of green energy is supported by all parties and the wider population. Based on the theories of norm establishment as well as analytical and theoretical works about the role of different factors in the development of green energy the author analyses its development in Germany and the influence of social-economic factors on different stages. The author concludes that at different norm establishment stages different social-economic factors played a leading role. Consequently, it is not possible to say that Germany’s success is due to one of among them. On the contrary there was a synergetic effect during a long time. The author demonstrates that at an early stage of norm elaboration the key role was played by public opinion. When the norm was introduced and approved by the actors the state started to play the key role, created the needed conditions and consolidated the interest groups. The economic motivations played an ambivalent role: on the one hand without economic resources development couldn’t take place, on the other, led by the greed for gain some interest groups plead for its expansion. The consolidation of support groups and the establishment of the renewable energy sector can be explained by the German law and institutions. The federal state structure prevents fast institutional changes and once approved a law is difficult to change or abolish. This lead to an unexpected growth of expenditure on renewable energy. Security considerations (power supply without cuts) didn't play on the stage of norm establishment a important role, but after the norm was approved and the amount of green energy increased they became more prominent. The German case shows that on the international level there is now an actor pressing for environmental responsibility in energy sector, but whether the norm will be adopted in other countries in the same shape depends on many factors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>возобновляемые источники энергии</kwd><kwd>энергетическая политика ФРГ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>renewable energy</kwd><kwd>German energy policy</kwd><kwd>normative cascade</kwd><kwd>energy security</kwd><kwd>German political parties</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бакалова Е. Конструктивизм в исследовании международных норм защиты прав человека // Международные процессы. Том 13, № 1. 2015. Сс. 48-67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apergis N., Payne, J. E. (2010). 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