<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/IT.2024.22.3-4.78-79.1</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-851</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REALITY AND THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Европейский союз и большие циклы экономической интеграции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The European Union and the Long Cycles of Economic Integration</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буторина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Butorina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Буторина Ольга Витальевна – доктор экономических наук, член-корреспондент РАН, заместитель директора</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Dr Olga Butorina – Deputy Director</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olgabutorina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт Европы РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Science</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3-4</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Буторина О.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Буторина О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Butorina O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/851">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/851</self-uri><abstract><p>Вопрос о динамике региональной экономической интеграции поднимается нечасто. Европейский союз двигался от таможенного союза к общему рынку, а затем к валютному союзу, что соответствовало описанным Б. Балашшей формам или степеням интеграции. Последний переход к более сложной форме состоялся 25 лет назад – при введении евро. Гипотетическая возможность транзита к самой сложной из описанных Балашшей форм интеграции – полному экономическому союзу с унификацией экономической и фискальной политики государств-членов – утрачена после конституционного кризиса 2005 года. Таким образом, общепринятая концепция стадий экономической интеграции выполнила свою научную миссию, и ныне её объяснительная сила близится к исчерпанию. Отсюда возникает потребность в новых представлениях, которые помогли бы проникнуть в суть региональной экономической интеграции первой половины XXI века. Данная статья выдвигает гипотезу больших циклов региональной экономической интеграции на основе двух теоретических предпосылок. Первая – региональная интеграция является коллективным инструментом глобализации, а не замкнутым, эндогенно индуцируемым процессом, ориентированным исключительно на получение хозяйственных выгод и преодоление узости национальных рынков. Развитие интеграции складывается под воздействием двух импульсов: внутреннего и внешнего. Реагирование на внешние вызовы – имманентная часть интеграционного развития. Вторая предпосылка – экономическая интеграция развивается не поступательно и линейно, а циклически. Периоды высокой активности сменяются затишьем и застоем, что происходит под воздействием внутренних и внешних процессов, а также в результате их наложения. История экономической интеграции в ЕС позволяет выделить три больших цикла: первый (1951–1984), второй (1985–2019) и третий (с конца 2019 года). Каждому циклу соответствует своя повестка и программа действий. Когда программа реализована, нагрузка на интеграционные механизмы возрастает, что под воздействием неблагоприятных внешних сил может приводить к снижению интеграционной активности и застою с признаками дезинтеграции. Переход к новой повышательной волне возможен в рамках нового цикла, что требует перезагрузки проекта на основе новой идеологии, целей и ресурсов</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The dynamics of regional economic integration remain under-discussed in academic circles. The European Union’s trajectory—from customs union to common market to monetary union—exemplifies Bela Balassa’s well-known stages. The launch of the Economic and Monetary Union 25 years ago with the single European currency marked a significant advance. Yet the 2005 constitutional crisis revealed the limitations of pursuing Balassa’s full economic union, or a total economic integration that presupposes the unification of monetary, fiscal, social and countercyclical policies. Consequently, traditional stage-based models of integration are increasingly inadequate for explaining 21st-century dynamics. Scholars need new ideas and approaches that would help them to grasp the nature of regional economic integration in the first half of the 21st century. This article proposes a hypothesis of long cycles in regional economic integration. This framework rests on two key assumptions. First, regional integration is a collective instrument of globalization, not an insulated, endogenously induced process aimed at getting welfare gains and expanding national markets. Its pace depends on the interplay of internal and external driving forces, whose interrelation and juxtaposition may accelerate or slow down progress. Second, economic integration unfolds cyclically, characterized by long waves of growth and stagnation, rather than a steady, linear advancement. I identify three such cycles in the European context: the first (1951–1984), the second (1985–2019) and the third (2019–present). Each cycle exhibits distinct goals, agendas and programs. With goals almost achieved and programs close to implementation, the additional institutional and operational burden puts more pressure on integration dynamics. If coupled with adverse external impact, it may suppress integration activity and induce stagnation with certain elements of disintegration. Another upward trend may gain momentum with the initiation of a new cycle, driven by a comprehensive upgrade of the integration project based on novel ideology, revised goals and fresh resources.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>региональная экономическая интеграция</kwd><kwd>стадии интеграции</kwd><kwd>таможенный союз</kwd><kwd>общий рынок</kwd><kwd>валютный союз</kwd><kwd>большие циклы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>European Union</kwd><kwd>regional economic integration</kwd><kwd>stages of integration</kwd><kwd>customs union</kwd><kwd>common market</kwd><kwd>monetary union</kwd><kwd>long cycles</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арбатова Н.К. Станет ли Европейский Союз мировым центром силы? (Тенденции, возможности, риски) // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2020. Т. 64. № 6. С. 51–65. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-6-51-65</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arbatova N.K. (2020). Stanet li Evropeyskiy Soyuz mirovym tsentrom sily? (Tendentsii, vozmozhnosti, riski) [Will the European Union Become a Global Power Center? (Trends, opportunities, risks)]. World Economy and International Relations. Vol. 64. No. 6. P. 51–65. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-6-51-65</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Байков А.А. «Интеграционные маршруты» Западно-Центральной Европы и Восточной Азии // Международные процессы. 2007. Т. 5. №3(15). С. 4–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balassa B. (1961). The Theory of Economic Integration. Homewood (Illinois): Richard D. Irwin, Inc. 304 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Байков А.А. Сравнительная интеграция. Практика и модели интеграции в зарубежной Европе и Тихоокеанской Азии. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2012. 256 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balassa B. (1961). Towards a Theory of Economic Integration. Kyklos. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 1–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борко Ю.А. От европейской идеи – к единой Европе. М.: Деловая литература, 2003. 463 с. Буторина О.В. Региональная интеграция: основные понятия // Европейская интеграция: Учебник / Под ред. О.В. Буториной. М.: Деловая литература, 2011. С. 12–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balassa B. (1966). Tariff Reduction and Trade in Manufactures among the Industrial Countries. American Economic Review. Vol. 56. No. 3. P. 466–473.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буторина О.В. Цели региональной интеграции: современное понимание // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2021. Т. 65. №10. С. 5–14. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-10-5-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baldwin R.E. (1997). The causes of regionalism. The World Economy. Vol. 20. No. 7. P. 865–888. DOI: 101111/1467-970100107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буторина О.В., Борко Ю.А. Выгоды региональной интеграции: пересмотр концепции // Современная Европа. 2022. № 1(108). С. 5–20. DOI: 10.31857/S0201708322010016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baldwin R. (2012). Sequencing Asian Regionalism: Theory and Lessons from Europe. Journal of Economic Integration. Vol. 27. No. 1. P. 1–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бучинская О.Н. Проблема неравенства и управления в Евросоюзе // Вестник Томского государственного университета. Экономика. 2023. № 62. С. 171–189. DOI: 10.17223/19988648/62/12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykov A.A. (2007). “Integratsionnye marshruty” Zapadno-Tsentral'noy Evropy i Vostochnoy Azii [“Integration routes” of West-Central Europe and East Asia]. Mezhdunarodnye Protsessy. Vol. 5. No. 3(15). P. 4–17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громыко Ал.А. Пандемия и кризис системы международных отношений // Контуры глобальных транс формаций: политика, экономика, право. 2020. Т. 13. № 5. С. 6–19. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baykov A.A. (2012). Sravnitel'naya integratsiya. Praktika i modeli integratsii v zarubezhnoy Evrope i Tikhookeanskoy Azii [Comparative integration. Experience and Patterns of Integration in the United Europe and Asia Pacific]. Moscow: Aspect Press. 256 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кавешников Н.Ю. Институционально-политическое развитие ЕС: кризис и варианты трансформации // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2017. Т. 61. №5. С. 14–24. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2017-61-5-14-24</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergsten F.C. (1997). Open Regionalism. The World Economy. Vol. 20. No. 5. P. 545–565. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9701.00088</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кондратьева Н.Б. Европейская модель интеграции рынков. Становление и перспектива. М.: РАН, 2020. 384 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bongardt A., Torres F. (2013). Economic Governance and Sustainability. In: A. Verdun, A. Tobias (eds.). Mapping European Integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. P. 146–167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костюнина Г.М. Регионализм в современной мировой экономике: эволюция и основные тенденции // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2020. Т. 20. №2. С. 303–317. DOI: 10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-2-303-317</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borko Yu.A. (2003). Ot evropeyskoy idei – k edinoy Evrope [From the European Idea to the United Europe]. Moscow: Delovaya Literatura. 463 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пищик В.Я., Алексеев П.В. Трансформации в монетарной и финансовой политике Евросоюза под влиянием COVID-19 // Мир новой экономики. 2021. Т. 15. № 4. С. 48–57. https://doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-4-48-57</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buchinskaya O.N. (2023). Problema neravenstva i upravleniya v Evrosoyuze [Problems of Inequality and Governance in the European Union]. Tomsk State University Journal of Economics. No. 62. P. 171– 189. DOI: 10.17223/19988648/62/12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Спартак А.Н. Метаморфозы процесса регионализации: от региональных торговых соглашений к мегарегиональным проектам // Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. 2017. Т. 10. №4. С. 13–37. DOI: 10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-13-37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butorina O.V. (2021). Regional'naya integratsiya: osnovnye ponyatiya [Regional integration: basic concepts]. In: O. V. Butorina (ed.) Evropeyskaya integratsiya: uchebnik [European integration: textbook]. Moscow: Delovaya literatura. P. 12–30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стрежнева М.В. Дифференцированная региональная (дез)интеграция после Брексита // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 2022. Т. 15. №3. С. 39–60. https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-3-84-39-60</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butorina O.V. (2021). Tseli regional'noy integratsii: sovremennoe ponimanie [Goals of Regional Integration: A Modern Understanding]. World Economy and International Relations. Vol. 65. No. 10. P. 5–14. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-10-5-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ушкалова Д.И., Головнин М.Ю. Теоретические подходы к исследованию международной экономической интеграции. М.: Институт экономики РАН, 2011. 44 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butorina O.V., Borko Yu.A. (2022). Vygody regional'noy integratsii: peresmotr kontseptsii [Benefits of Regional Integration: Redefining the Concept]. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Vol. 92. No. 2. P. 105–112. doi: 10.1134/S1019331622080020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ушкалова Д.И. Экономические эффекты региональной интеграции. Мифы и реальность. // Вестник Института экономики РАН. 2017. № 4. С. 120–137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chetverikova A.S. (2024). Tendentsii razvitiya Evrosoyuza: nekotorye aspekty ekonomicheskoy integratsii [European Union Development Trends: Some Aspects of Economic Integration]. World Economy and International Relations. Vol. 68. No. 1. P. 95–104. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-1-95-104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Холопов А.В. Бюджетная политика развитых стран: игра по правилам? // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2024. Т. 68. № 2. C. 5–15. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-2-5-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Covi G. (2020). Trade Imbalances within the Euro Area: Two Regions, Two Demand Regimes. Empirica. Vol. 48. No. 1. P. 181–221. doi.org/10.1007/s10663-020-09477-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цибулина А.Н. Новые приоритеты роста в экономической политике Европейского союза // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Экономика. 2024. Т. 40. № 2. С. 175–190. doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Grauwe P. (2006). What have we Learnt about Monetary Integration since the Maastricht Treaty? Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 44. No. 4. P. 711–730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00659.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Четверикова А.С. Тенденции развития Евросоюза: некоторые аспекты экономической интеграции // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2024. Т. 68. №1. P. 95–104. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-1-95-104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Lombaerde Ph., Flores R.G., Iaparde P.L., Schulz M. (eds.) (2011). The Regional Integration Manual. Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. London; New York: Routledge. 384 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шишков Ю.В. Европейское Сообщество на переломном рубеже // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 1986. № 6. С. 40–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Lombaerde Ph., Saucedo Acosta E.J. (eds.) (2017). Indicator-Based Monitoring of Regional Economic Integration. Fourth World Report on Regional Integration. Cham: Springer. 360 p. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50860-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шишков Ю.В. Интеграционные процессы на пороге XXI века. Почему не интегрируются страны СНГ. М.: НП III Тысячелетие, 2001. 480 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dion D.-P. (2004). Regional integration and economic development: An empirical approach. GESY Discussion Paper. No. 21. 30 p. doi:10.5282/ubm/epub.13527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balassa B. The Theory of Economic Integration. Homewood (Illinois): Richard D. Irwin, Inc, 1961. 304 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ethier W.J. (1998). Regionalism in a Multilateral World. Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 106. No. 6. P. 1214–1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/250045</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balassa B. Towards a Theory of Economic Integration // Kyklos. 1961. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 1–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromyko Al.A. (2020). Pandemiya i krizis sistemy mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy [The Pandemic and the Crisis in the System of International Relations]. Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law. Vol. 13. No. 5. P. 6–19. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balassa B. Tariff Reduction and Trade in Manufactures among the Industrial Countries // American Economic Review. 1966. Vol. 56. No. 3. P. 466–473.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haas E.B. (1961). International integration: the European and the universal process. International Organization. Vol. 15. No. 3. P. 366–392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300002198</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baldwin R.E. The causes of regionalism // The World Economy. 1997. Vol. 20. No. 7. P. 865–888. DOI: 101111/1467-970100107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holmes P., Tovias A. (2013). Trade Policy. In: A. Verdun, A. Tobias (eds.) Mapping European Integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. P. 38–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baldwin R. Sequencing Asian Regionalism: Theory and Lessons from Europe // Journal of Economic Integration. 2012. Vol. 27. No. 1. P. 1–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hooghe L. Marks G. (2009). Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus. British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 39. No. 1. P. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000409</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergsten F.C. Open Regionalism // The World Economy. 1997. Vol. 20. No. 5. P. 545–565. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9701.00088</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hooghe L., Marks G. (2019). Grand theories of European Integration in the Twenty-first Century. Journal of European Public Policy. Vol. 26. No. 8. P. 1113–1133. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1569711</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bongardt A., Torres F. Economic Governance and Sustainability // Mapping European Integration / ed. by A. Verdun, A. Tobias. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. P. 146–167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">James H. (2012). Making the European Monetary Union. The Role of the Committee of Central Bank Governors and the Origins of the European Central Bank. Cambridge, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 567 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Covi G. Trade Imbalances within the Euro Area: Two Regions, Two Demand Regimes // Empirica. 2020. Vol. 48. No. 1. P. 181–221. doi.org/10.1007/s10663-020-09477-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaveshnikov N. Yu. (2017). Institutsional'no-politicheskoe razvitie ES: krizis i varianty transformatsii [Institutional and political development of the EU: Crisis and transformation options]. World Economy and International Relations. Vol. 61. No. 5. P. 14–24. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2017-61-5-14-24</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Grauwe P. What have we Learnt about Monetary Integration since the Maastricht Treaty? // Journal of Common Market Studies. 2006. Vol. 44. No. 4. P. 711–730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00659.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaveshnikov N. Yu. (2024). The Role of Transformative Projects in European Union Integration Dynamics. Sovremennaâ Evropa. No. 4. P. 5–16. DOI: 10.31857/S0201708324040016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dion D.-P. Regional integration and economic development: An empirical approach // GESY Discussion Paper. 2004. No. 21. 30 p. doi:10.5282/ubm/epub.13527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kenen P. (1969). The theory of Optimum Currency Areas: an Eclectic View. In: R. Mundell, A.K. Swoboda A (eds). Monetary Problems of the International Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. P. 41–60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ethier W.J. Regionalism in a Multilateral World // Journal of Political Economy. 1998. Vol. 106. No. 6. P. 1214–1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/250045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kholopov A.V. (2024). Byudzhetnaya politika razvitykh stran: igra po pravilam? [Fiscal Policy of Advanced Economies: Playing by the Rules?]. World Economy and International Relations. Vol. 68. No. 2. P. 5–15. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-2-5-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Indicator-Based Monitoring of Regional Economic Integration. Fourth World Report on Regional Integration / ed. by Ph. De Lombaerde, E. J. Saucedo Acosta. Cham: Springer, 2017. 360 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50860-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondratieva N.B. (2010). Evropeyskaya model' integratsii rynkov. Stanovlenie i perspektiva [The European Model of Market Integration. Formation and Perspective]. Moscow: RAN. 384 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haas E.B. International integration: the European and the universal process // International Organization. 1961. Vol. 15. No. 3. P. 366–392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300002198</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostyunina G.M. (2020). Regionalizm v sovremennoy mirovoy ekonomike: evolyutsiya i osnovnye tendentsii [Regionalism in the Modern World Economy: Evolution and Main Trends]. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations. Vol. 20. No. 2. P. 303–317. DOI: 10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-2-303-317</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holmes P., Tovias A. Trade Policy // Mapping European Integration / ed. by A. Verdun, A. Tobias. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. P. 38–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krapohl S. (2017). Integration Theory and the New Regionalism. In: S. Krapohl (ed.) Regional Integration in the Global South. External Influence on Economic Cooperation in ASEAN, MERCOSUR and SADC. Amsterdam: Palgrave Macmillan. P. 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38895-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hooghe L. Marks G. Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus // British Journal of Political Science. 2009. Vol. 39. No. 1. P. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000409</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krapohl S., Fink S. (2013). Different Paths of Regional Integration: Trade Networks and Regional Institution-Building in Europe, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 51. No. 3. P. 472–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hooghe L., Marks G. Grand theories of European Integration in the Twenty-first Century // Journal of European Public Policy. 2019. Vol. 26. No. 8. P. 1113–1133. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1569711</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machlup F. (1977). A History of Thought on Economic Integration. London; Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press. 323 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03171-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">James H. Making the European Monetary Union. The Role of the Committee of Central Bank Governors and the Origins of the European Central Bank. Cambridge, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012. 567 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mattli W. (1999a). Explaining Regional Integration Outcomes. Journal of European Public Policy. Vol. 6. No. 1. P. 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/135017699343775</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaveshnikov N.Y. The Role of Transformative Projects in European Union Integration Dynamics // Sovremennaâ Evropa. 2024. No. 4(125). P. 5–16. DOI: 10.31857/S0201708324040016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mattli W. (1999b). The Logic of Regional Integration. Europe and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 205 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511756238</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kenen P. The theory of Optimum Currency Areas: an Eclectic View // Monetary Problems of the International Economy / ed. by R. Mundell, A. K. Swoboda. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969. P. 41–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McKinnon R. (1963). Optimum Currency Areas. American Economic Review. Vol. 53. No. 4. P. 717–725.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krapohl S., Fink S. Different Paths of Regional Integration: Trade Networks and Regional Institution Building in Europe, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa // Journal of Common Market Studies. 2013. Vol. 51. No. 3. P. 472–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monnet J. (1963). A Ferment of Change. Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 1. No. 3. P. 203– 211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1963.tb01060.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krapohl S. Integration Theory and the New Regionalism // Regional Integration in the Global South. External Influence on Economic Cooperation in ASEAN, MERCOSUR and SADC / ed. by S. Krapohl. Amsterdam: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. P. 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38895-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mundell R. (1961). A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas. The American Economic Review. Vol. 51. No. 4. P. 657–665.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machlup F. A History of Thought on Economic Integration. London; Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press, 1977. 323 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03171-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pelkmans J. (2024). Common markets. In: Ph. De Lombaerde (ed.) Handbook of Regional Cooperation and Integration. Cheltenham (UK); Northampton (Massachusetts): Edward Elgar Publishing House. P. 63–107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McKinnon R. Optimum Currency Areas // American Economic Review. 1963. Vol. 53. No. 4. P. 717–725.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perroux F. (1958). Les formes de la concurrence dans le Marché Commun. Revue d'Economie Politique. Vol. 68. No. 1. P. 340–378.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mattli W. Explaining Regional Integration Outcomes // Journal of European Public Policy. 1999a. Vol. 6. No. 1. P. 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/135017699343775</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pishchik V.Ya., Alekseev P. V. (2021). Transformatsii v monetarnoy i finansovoy politike Evrosoyuza pod vliyaniem COVID 19 [Transformations in the Monetary and Financial Policy of the European Union under the Influence of COVID 19]. The World of New Economy. Vol. 15. No. 4. P. 48–57. https://doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-4-48-57</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mattli W. The Logic of Regional Integration. Europe and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999b. 205 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511756238</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sampson T. (2017). Brexit: The Economics of International Disintegration. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 31. No. 4. P. 163–184. DOI: 10.1257/jep.31.4.163</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monnet J. A Ferment of Change // Journal of Common Market Studies. 1963. Vol. 1. No. 3. P. 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1963.tb01060.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shishkov Yu.V. (1986). Evropeyskoe Soobshchestvo na perelomnom rubezhe [The European Community at a Turning Point]. World Economy and International Relations. No. 6. P. 40–53. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-2-5-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mundell R. A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas // The American Economic Review. 1961. Vol. 51. No.4. P. 657–665.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shishkov Yu.V. (2001). Integratsionnye protsessy na poroge XXI veka. Pochemu ne integriruyutsya strany SNG [Integration Processes on the Threshold of the 21st Century. Why the CIS Countries do not Integrate]. Moscow: NP III Tysyacheletie. 480 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pelkmans J. Common markets // Handbook of Regional Cooperation and Integration / ed. by Ph. De Lombaerde. Cheltenham (UK) ; Northampton (Massachusetts): Edward Elgar Publishing House, 2024. P. 63–107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spartak A.N. (2017). Metamorfozy protsessa regionalizatsii: ot regional'nykh torgovykh soglasheniy k megaregional'nym proektam [Metamorphosis of Regionalization: from Regional Trade Agreements to Megaregional Projects]. Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law. Vol. 10. No. 4. P. 13-37. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-13-37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perroux F. Les formes de la concurrence dans le Marché Commun // Revue d'Economie Politique. 1958. Vol. 68. No. 1. P. 340–378.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strezhneva M.V. (2022). Differentsirovannaya regional'naya (dez) integratsiya posle Breksita [Differentiated Regional (Dis)Integration Post Brexit]. MGIMO Review of International Relations. Vol. 15. No. 3. P. 39–60. https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-3-84-39-60</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sampson T. Brexit: The Economics of International Disintegration // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2017. Vol. 31. No. 4. P. 163–184. DOI: 10.1257/jep.31.4.163</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tinbergen J. (1954). International Economic Integration. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1954. 191 p. Tsibulina А.N. (2024). Novye prioritety rosta v ekonomicheskoy politike Evropeyskogo soyuza [New Growth Priorities of European Union Economic Policy]. St. Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 175–190. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Regional Integration Manual. Quantitative and Qualitative Methods / ed. by Ph. De Lombaerde, R.G. Flores, P. L. Iaparde, M. Schulz M. London; New York: Routledge, 2011. 384 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ushkalova D.I. (2017). Ekonomicheskie effekty regional'noy integratsii. Mify i real'nost' Economic [Effects of Regional Integration. Myths and Reality]. Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. No. 4. P. 120–137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tinbergen J. International Economic Integration. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1954. 191 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ushkalova D.I., Golovnin M.Yu. (2011). Teoreticheskie podkhody k issledovaniyu mezhdunarodnoy ekonomicheskoy integratsii [Theoretical Approaches to the Study of International Economic Integration]. Moscow: Institut e`konomiki RAN. 44 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verdoorn P.J. The Intra Block Trade of Benelux // Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations / ed. by E.A.G. Robinson. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1960. P. 291–329.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verdoorn P.J. (1960). The Intra Block Trade of Benelux. In: E.A.G. Robinson (ed.)Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations. London: Palgrave Macmillan. P. 291–329.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viner J. The Customs Union Issue. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 248 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viner J. (2014). The Customs Union Issue. New York: Oxford University Press. 248 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
