<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/IT.2024.22.3-4.78-79.2</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-852</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ТЕОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REALITY AND THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Теория дивергенции политических элит: разделительные линии во внешней политике сквозь призму отношений Запада с Россией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Theory of Political Elite Divergence: Shaping Dividing Lines in the West’s Foreign Policies Towards Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Худолей</surname><given-names>К. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khudoley</surname><given-names>K. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Худолей Константин Константинович – доктор исторических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой европейских исследований</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Dr Konstantin Khudoley – Chair, Department of European Studies</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колотаев</surname><given-names>Ю. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolotaev</surname><given-names>Yu. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колотаев Юрий Юрьевич – кандидат политических наук, ассистент Кафедры европейских исследований</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr Yury Kolotaev – Lecturer, Department of European Studies</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yury.kolotaev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ярыгин</surname><given-names>Г. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yarygin</surname><given-names>G. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ярыгин Григорий Олегович – кандидат политических наук, доцент Кафедры американских исследований</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr Grigoriy Yarygin – Associate Professor, Department of American Studies</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колосков</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koloskov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колосков Евгений Дмитриевич – кандидат исторических наук, доцент Кафедры теории и истории международных отношений</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr Evgeny Koloskov – Associate Professor, Department of Theory and History of International Relations</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3-4</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Худолей К.К., Колотаев Ю.Ю., Ярыгин Г.О., Колосков Е.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Худолей К.К., Колотаев Ю.Ю., Ярыгин Г.О., Колосков Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khudoley K.K., Kolotaev Y.Y., Yarygin G.O., Koloskov E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/852">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/852</self-uri><abstract><p>Повышенная неопределённость и конфликтность на международной арене стимулируют центробежные тенденции внутри политических элит различных стран. Эти процессы, объединённые термином «межэлитная дивергенция», приводят, в частности, к образованию разделительных линий по вопросам внешней политики. Деградация связей между элитами проявляется в трёх стадиях дивергенции: сегментации, фрагментации и поляризации. Сегментация предполагает разделение элиты на группы с сохранением контактов между ними. Фрагментация указывает на более глубокий разрыв, при котором между элитами исчезают постоянные связи и кооперация становится ограниченной или ситуативной. Поляризация характеризуется полным разрывом коммуникации и формированием взаимоисключающих позиций. Раскрытие каждой из стадий дивергенции возможно при опоре на три ключевые переменные: согласованность, лидерство и интегрированность. Подобная классификация помогает частично избежать упрощения в оценке состояния элит. В статье применяется разработанная классификация к анализу дивергенции элит в Европейском союзе и США, а также рассматриваются разногласия внутри этих элит по отношению к России. В 2014–2022 годах они привели к сегментации и фрагментации элит Евросоюза по вопросу санкций, но не к их ослаблению. В США признаки поляризации были частично спровоцированы разделительными линиями по вопросу отношений с Россией и отразились в большей степени на внутриполитическом процессе. Несмотря на внешнюю противоречивость, преемственность общего курса американской политики сохранилась. Приводимые примеры показывают, что теория дивергенции позволяет зафиксировать глубину дискурсивных расхождений, при этом противоречия не предопределяют неизбежность политической дисфункции. Учёт стадий дивергенции даёт возможность выйти за пределы простой дихотомии «конфликт–кооперация» в рамках анализа межэлитного взаимодействия.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Heightened uncertainty and conflictual environment fuel disintegration within political elites around the globe. These processes of "inter-elite divergence" give rise to dividing lines in foreign policy. Divergence unfolds through three stages: segmentation, fragmentation, and polarization. Segmentation refers to the division of elites into distinct clusters, with communication channels still intact. Fragmentation indicates a deeper rift, with sustained interaction diminishing and cooperation becoming increasingly limited. Polarization is marked by a complete breakdown of dialogue and the emergence of mutually exclusive positions. To assess each stage systematically, the article proposes an analytical framework based on three key variables: coherence, leadership, and integrity. This classification helps to avoid simplifications when estimating the state of elites. Applying this framework, the paper seeks to analyze patterns of elite divergence in the European Union and the United States, focusing particularly on disagreements over policy toward Russia. Between 2014 and 2022, EU elites experienced segmentation and fragmentation as regards sanctions policy – yet these divisions did not result in policy reversal. Signs of polarization in the U.S., partially triggered by dividing lines regarding relations with Russia, were more pronounced in domestic politics. Despite external contradictions, the overall US policy maintained its continuity. These cases demonstrate that the theory of divergence not only allows for capturing the "depth" of discursive differences, but also highlights that contradictions do not predetermine the inevitability of political dysfunction. By incorporating the concept of divergence stages, the analysis moves beyond the conventional dichotomy of "conflict – cooperation" when it comes to inter-elite interaction.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дивергенция</kwd><kwd>элиты</kwd><kwd>разделительные линии</kwd><kwd>сегментация</kwd><kwd>фрагментация</kwd><kwd>поляризация</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>divergence</kwd><kwd>elites</kwd><kwd>dividing lines</kwd><kwd>segmentation</kwd><kwd>fragmentation</kwd><kwd>polarization</kwd><kwd>foreign policy</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счёт гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-28-01280, https://rscf.ru/project/24-28-01280/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Амуров М.А. Типология современных политических элит // Управленческое консультирование. 2020. №5 (137). С. 19–28. https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2020-5-19-28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alder S., Wang Y. (2022). Divide and rule: How political elites polarize society. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3769435 (accessed: 14.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гаман-Голутвина О.В., Соловьёва Д.Д. Новая политическая элита Франции против старой системы рекрутирования // Полис. Политические исследования. 2021. № 6. С. 60–72. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2021.06.05</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexandrova S. (2021). Transformations in the Social Impact: Politics, Media, Social Networks. Postmodernism Problems. Vol. 11. No. 1. P. 58–75. https://doi.org/10.46324/PMP2101058</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головин В.Г., Головина Е.Е. Элиты в современном социальном пространстве // Вопросы элитологии. 2023. Т. 4. №3. С. 13–45. doi: 10.46539/elit.v4i3.157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almagro, M. (2023). Political polarization: Radicalism and immune beliefs. Philosophy &amp; Social Criticism. Vol. 49. No. 3. P. 309–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/01914537211066859</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гребнев Р.Д. Стратегические направления внешней политики России в многополярном мире: геополитический подход // Социально-гуманитарные знания. 2023. №3. С. 124–128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alvesson, M. (2019). Leadership: Convergence and divergence in leadership relations. Journal of Management Inquiry. Vol. 28. No. 3. P. 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492617717339</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громыко А.А. Пандемия и кризис системы международных отношений // Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. 2020. Т. 13. №5. С. 6–19. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amurov M.A. (2020). Tipologiya sovremennykh politicheskikh elit [Typology of contemporary political elites]. Upravlencheskoe konsultirovanie. No. 5(137). P. 19–28. https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2020-5-19-28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дегтерёв Д.А. Распространение культурных норм и ценностей: агентное моделирование // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2016. №1. С. 141–152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arbatli E., Rosenberg D. (2021). United we stand, divided we rule: how political polarization erodes democracy. Democratization. Vol. 28. No. 2. P. 285–307. DOI:10.1080/13510347.2020.1818068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колосов В.А., Зотова М.В. Фрагментация политического пространства и динамизм современной системы границ // Политическая наука. 2022. №4. С. 67–89. https://doi.org/10.31249/poln/2022.04.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arriola L.R., Devaro J., Meng A. (2021). Democratic subversion: Elite cooptation and opposition fragmentation. American Political Science Review. Vol. 115. No. 4. P. 1358–1372. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055421000629</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедев А.Н., Гордякова О.В. Феномен групповой поляризации в политологии и политической психологии США и Европы // Институт психологии Российской академии наук. Социальная и экономическая психология. 2021. Т. 6. №4 (24). С. 123–150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Böller F., Herr L.D. (2020). From Washington without love: congressional foreign policy making and US-Russian relations under president Trump. Contemporary Politics. Vol. 26. No. 1. P. 17–37. DOI: 10.1080/13569775.2019.1617655</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мизин В.И. Новые контуры стратегической стабильности в глобальной многополярной конкуренции // Международные процессы. 2020. Т. 18. №2. С. 141–168. https://doi.org/10.17994/IT.2020.18.2.61.8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolstad G., Riddervold M. (2023). Polarization, Trump, and Transatlantic Relations. In: A. Akande (ed.) The Perils of Populism: The End of the American Century? Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. P. 195–219. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36343-6_8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Моска Г. История политических доктрин. М.: Мысль, 2012. 326 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borg S. (2024). “A Battle for the Soul of This Nation”: How Domestic Polarization Affects US Foreign Policy in Post-Trump America. International Journal. Vol. 79. No. 1. P. 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020241232986</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Неймарк М.А. В поисках ускользающей реальности: Отношение политической элиты США к России // Научно-аналитический журнал Обозреватель-Observer. 2020. №4 (363). С. 66–77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheek T., Hamrin C.L. (2023). Introduction: collaboration and conflict in the search for a new order. In: T. Cheek, C.L. Hamrin (eds) China's Establishment Intellectuals. London; New York: Routledge. P. 3–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оськина О.И. Трансформационные переменные политической культуры современной политической элиты // Вопросы элитологии. 2020. Т. 1. №3. С. 52–73. Doi: 10.46539/elit.v1i3.26</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chikhachev A.Y. (2022). Rossiysko-frantsuzskie otnosheniya pri prezidente Emmanyuele Makrone: dostizheniya i protivorechiya [Russian-French relations under President Emmanuel Macron: Achievements and contradictions]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. Vol. 15. No. 1. P. 86–104. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2022.106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парето В. Трансформация демократии. М.: Территория будущего, 2011. 208 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clayton K., Davis N.T., Nyhan B., Porter E., Ryan T.J., Wood T.J. (2021). Elite rhetoric can undermine democratic norms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 118. No. 23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024125118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смакотина Н.Л., Волков А.В. Трансформация мирового порядка в условиях международной нестабильности: открытый мир и синергия цивилизаций // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 27. Глобалистика и геополитика. 2024. №1. С. 3–22. DOI: 10.56429/2414-4894-2024-47-1-03-22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cunningham J., Moore M.K. (1997). Elite and mass foreign policy opinions: Who is leading this parade? Social Science Quarterly. Vol. 78. No. 3. P. 641–656.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Спартак А.Н., Французов В.В. Влияние антироссийских санкций на европейскую экономику // Российский внешнеэкономический вестник. 2022. №12. С. 7–17. https://doi.org/10.24412/2072-8042-2022-12-7-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahlberg L. (2007). Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic: from consensus to contestation. New Media &amp; Society. Vol. 9. No. 5. P. 827–847. DOI: 10.1177/1461444807081228</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сухоносов А.П. Политические элиты в условиях роста новой волны мирового кризиса // Вопросы элитологии. 2022. Т. 3. №2. С. 51–63. doi: 10.46539/elit.v3i2.104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Degterev D.A. (2016). Raspredeleniye kul'turnykh norm i tsennostey: agentnoye modelirovaniye [The spread of cultural norms and values: Agent-based modeling]. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. No. 1. P. 141–152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чихачёв А.Ю. Российско-французские отношения при президенте Эмманюэле Макроне: достижения и противоречия // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Международные отношения. 2022. Т. 15. №1. С. 86–104. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2022.106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dellmuth L., Tallberg J. (2023). Legitimacy politics: Elite communication and public opinion in global governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 260 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009222020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Энтин М., Энтина Е., Бабкина С. Продовольственные и энергетические кризисы 2020-х годов как инструмент антироссийской политики стран Запада // Международные процессы. 2024. Т. 22. №1. С. 1–24. DOI 10.46272/IT.2024.22.1.76.2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dijkstra H., Debre M.J. (2022). The death of major international organizations: When institutional stickiness is not enough. Global Studies Quarterly. Vol. 2. No. 4. P. 1–13. DOI:10.1093/isagsq/ksac048</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alder S., Wang Y. Divide and Rule: How Political Elites Polarize Society // SSRN. 2022. URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3769435 (accessed: 14.01.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Domingues J.M. (2022). Power and rule, civilisations and the modern political dimension: parallelism, convergence and divergence in social evolution. International Review of Sociology. Vol. 32. No. 1. P. 174–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2022.2028404</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexandrova S. Transformations in the Social Impact: Politics, Media, Social Networks // Postmodernism Problems. 2021. Vol. 11. No. 1. P. 58–75. https://doi.org/10.46324/PMP2101058</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engelstad F. (2009). Democratic elitism–conflict and consensus. Comparative Sociology. Vol. 8. No. 3. P. 383–401. DOI:10.1163/156913309X447585</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almagro M. Political polarization: Radicalism and immune beliefs // Philosophy &amp; Social Criticism. 2023. Vol. 49. No. 3. P. 309–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/01914537211066859</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Entin M., Entina E., Babkina S. (2024). Prodovol'stvennye i energeticheskie krizisy 2020-kh godov kak instrument antirossiyskoy politiki stran Zapada [The food and energy crises of the 2020s as a tool of anti-Russian policies of Western countries]. Mezhdunarodnye protsessy. Vol. 22. No. 1. P. 1–24. DOI: 10.46272/IT.2024.22.1.76.2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alvesson M. Leadership: Convergence and divergence in leadership relations // Journal of Management Inquiry. 2019. Vol. 28. No. 3. P. 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492617717339</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">French J. (2017). The importance of segmentation in social marketing strategy. In: T. Dietrich, S. Rundle-Thiele, K. Kubacki (eds) Segmentation in Social Marketing: Process, Methods and Application. Cham: Springer. P. 25–40. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1835-0_3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arbatli E., Rosenberg D. United we stand, divided we rule: how political polarization erodes democracy // Democratization. 2021. Vol. 28. No. 2. P. 285–307. DOI:10.1080/13510347.2020.1818068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedman S., Reeves A. (2020). From aristocratic to ordinary: Shifting modes of elite distinction. American Sociological Review. Vol. 85. No. 2. P. 323–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420912941</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arriola L.R., Devaro J., Meng A. Democratic subversion: Elite cooptation and opposition fragmentation // American Political Science Review. 2021. Vol. 115. No. 4. P. 1358–1372. DOI:10.1017/S0003055421000629</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fukai S.N., Fukui H. (1992). Elite recruitment and political leadership. PS: Political Science &amp; Politics. Vol. 25. No. 1. P. 25–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Böller F., Herr L.D. From Washington without love: congressional foreign policy making and US-Russian relations under president Trump // Contemporary Politics. 2020. Vol. 26. No. 1. P. 17–37. DOI: 10.1080/13569775.2019.1617655</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaman-Golutvina O.V., Soloveva D.D. (2021). Novaya politicheskaya elita Frantsii protiv staroy sistemy rekrutirovaniya [France’s New Political Elite Against the Old Recruitment System]. Polis. Political Studies. No. 6. P. 60–72. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2021.06.05</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolstad G., Riddervold M. Polarization, Trump, and Transatlantic Relations // The Perils of Populism: The End of the American Century? / ed. by A. Akande. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. P. 195–219. DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-36343-6_8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovin V.G., Golovina E.E. (2023). Elity v sovremennom sotsial'nom prostranstve [Elites in the modern social space]. Voprosy elitologii. Vol. 4. No. 3. P. 13–45. doi: 10.46539/elit.v4i3.157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borg S. “A Battle for the Soul of This Nation”: How Domestic Polarization Affects US Foreign Policy in Post-Trump America // International Journal. 2024. Vol. 79. No. 1. P. 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020241232986</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grebnev R.D. (2023). Strategicheskiye napravleniya vneshney politiki Rossii v mnogopolyarom mire: geopoliticheskiy podkhod [Strategic directions of Russia's foreign policy in a multipolar world: A geopolitical approach]. Sotsial'no-gumanitarnye znaniya. No. 3. P. 124–128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheek T., Hamrin C.L. Introduction: collaboration and conflict in the search for a new order // China's Establishment Intellectuals / ed. by T. Cheek, C. L. Hamrin. London; New York: Routledge, 2023. P. 3–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Green J., Edgerton J., Naftel D., Shoub K., Cranmer S.J. (2020). Elusive consensus: Polarization in elite communication on the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Advances. Vol. 6. No. 28. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2717</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clayton K., Davis N.T., Nyhan B., Porter E., Ryan T.J., Wood T.J. Elite rhetoric can undermine democratic norms // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021. Vol. 118. No. 23. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024125118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromyko A.A. (2020). Pandemiya i krizis sistemy mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy [The pandemic and the crisis of the international relations system]. Kontury global'nykh transformatsiy: politika, ekonomika, pravo. Vol. 13. No. 5. P. 6–19. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cunningham J., Moore M.K. Elite and mass foreign policy opinions: Who is leading this parade? // Social Science Quarterly. 1997. Vol. 78. No. 3. P. 641–656.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henriksen L.F., Seabrooke L. (2021). Elites in transnational policy networks. Global Networks. Vol. 21. No. 2. P. 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12301</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahlberg L. Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic: from consensus to contestation // New Media &amp; Society. 2007. Vol. 9. No. 5. P. 827–847. DOI: 10.1177/1461444807081228</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higley J., Burton M.G. (1989). The elite variable in democratic transitions and breakdowns. American Sociological Review. Vol. 54. No. 1. P. 17–32. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.37.2012.1.245-268</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dellmuth L., Tallberg J. Legitimacy politics: Elite communication and public opinion in global governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023. 260 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009222020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higley J., Burton M.G. (2006). Elite foundations of liberal democracy. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield. 229 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dijkstra H., Debre M.J. The death of major international organizations: When institutional stickiness is not enough // Global Studies Quarterly. 2022. Vol. 2. No. 4. P. 1–13. DOI:10.1093/isagsq/ksac048</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higley J. (2021). Elites, non-elites, and political realism: Diminishing futures for western societies. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield. 176 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Domingues J.M. Power and rule, civilisations and the modern political dimension: parallelism, convergence and divergence in social evolution // International Review of Sociology. 2022. Vol. 32. No. 1. P.174– 199. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2022.2028404</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hill C. (2008). Elites in European foreign policy-making: Consensus and competition. Review of Sociology. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 93–102. DOI:10.1556/RevSoc.14.2008.5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engelstad F. Democratic elitism–conflict and consensus // Comparative Sociology. 2009. Vol. 8. No. 3. P. 383–401. DOI:10.1163/156913309X447585</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hooghe L. et al. (2024). The Russian threat and the consolidation of the West: How populism and EU-skepticism shape party support for Ukraine. European Union Politics. Vol. 25. No. 3. P. 459–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/14651165241237136</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">French J. The importance of segmentation in social marketing strategy // Segmentation in Social Marketing: Process, Methods and Application / ed. by T. Dietrich, S. Rundle-Thiele, K. Kubacki. Cham: Springer, 2017. P. 25–40. DOI:10.1007/978-981-10-1835-0_3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson D., Jolly S. (2021). A new divide? Assessing the transnational-nationalist dimension among political parties and the public across the EU. European Union Politics. Vol. 22. No. 2. P. 316–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116520988915</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedman S., Reeves A. From aristocratic to ordinary: Shifting modes of elite distinction // American Sociological Review. 2020. Vol. 85. No. 2. P. 323–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420912941</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kascian K., Denisenko V., Matonytė I. (2024). Baltic States’ EU membership: discursive search for (and failure to obtain) farewell from Russia. Journal of Contemporary European Studies. P. 1–16. DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2024.2349250</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fukai S.N., Fukui H. Elite recruitment and political leadership // PS: Political Science &amp; Politics. 1992. Vol. 25. No. 1. P. 25–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keller F.B. (2018). Analyses of elite networks. In: H. Best, J. Higley (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. P. 135–152. DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-51904-7_11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Green J., Edgerton J., Naftel D., Shoub K., Cranmer S.J. Elusive consensus: Polarization in elite communication on the COVID-19 pandemic // Science Advances. 2020. Vol. 6. No. 28. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2717</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kertzer J.D., Renshon J. (2022). Experiments and surveys on political elites. Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 25. No. 1. P. 529–550. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013649</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henriksen L.F., Seabrooke L. Elites in transnational policy networks // Global Networks. 2021. Vol. 21. No. 2. P. 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12301</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kertzer J.D., Zeitzoff T. (2017). A bottom-up theory of public opinion about foreign policy. American Journal of Political Science. Vol. 61. No. 3. P. 543–558. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/QSXDUN</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higley J. Elites, non-elites, and political realism: Diminishing futures for western societies. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2021. 176 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khudoley K.K., Kolotaev Y.Y. (2024). Dividing Lines in the EU’s Common Foreign Policy: Russia as a polarising factor. Baltic Region. Vol. 16. No. 3. P. 87–107. DOI: 10.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higley J., Burton M.G. Elite foundations of liberal democracy. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2006. 229 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolosov V.A., Zotova M.V. (2022). Fragmentatsiya politicheskogo prostranstva i dinamizm sovremennoy sistemy granits [Fragmentation of political space and the dynamics of the modern system of borders]. Politicheskaya nauka. No. 4. P. 67–89. https://doi.org/10.31249/poln/2022.04.03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higley J., Burton M.G. The elite variable in democratic transitions and breakdowns // American Sociological Review. 1989. Vol. 54. No. 1. P. 17–32. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.37.2012.1.245-268</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Körösényi A. (2018). Political elites and democracy. In: H. Best, J. Higley (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. P. 41–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hill C. Elites in European foreign policy-making: Consensus and competition // Review of Sociology. 2008. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 93–102. DOI:10.1556/RevSoc.14.2008.5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lamoso-González P. (2024). Revisiting liberal intergovernmentalism in CFSP: preference formation and the EEAS. Contemporary Politics. Vol. 31. No. 3. P. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2024.2387433</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hooghe L. et al. The Russian threat and the consolidation of the West: How populism and EU-skepticism shape party support for Ukraine // European Union Politics. 2024. Vol. 25. No. 3. P. 459–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/14651165241237136</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedev A.N., Gordyakova O.V. (2021). Fenomen gruppovoy polarizatsii v politologii i politicheskoy psikhologii SShA i Evropy [The phenomenon of group polarization in the political science and political psychology of the USA and Europe]. Institut psikhologii Rossiyskoy akademii nauk. Sotsial'naya i ekonomicheskaya psikhologiya. Vol. 6. No. 4 (24). P. 123–150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson D., Jolly S. A new divide? Assessing the transnational-nationalist dimension among political parties and the public across the EU // European Union Politics. 2021. Vol. 22. No. 2. P. 316–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116520988915</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedeva M. (2022). Introduction. Transformation of the Political Organization of the World. In: M. Lebedeva, V. Morozov (eds) Turning Points of World Transformation: New Trends, Challenges and Actors. Singapore: Springer Nature. P. 3–14. DOI:10.1007/978-981-19-1758-5_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kascian K., Denisenko V., Matonytė I. Baltic States’ EU membership: discursive search for (and failure to obtain) farewell from Russia // Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 2024. P. 1–16. DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2024.2349250</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loizides N.G. (2009). Elite framing and conflict transformation in Turkey. Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 62. No. 2. P. 278–297. DOI:10.1093/pa/gsn038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keller F.B. Analyses of elite networks // The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites / ed. by H. Best, J. Higley. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. P. 135–152. DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-51904-7_11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lupton D.L., Webb C. (2022). Wither elites? The role of elite credibility and knowledge in public perceptions of foreign policy. International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 66. No. 3. DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqac057</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kertzer J.D., Renshon J. Experiments and surveys on political elites // Annual Review of Political Science. 2022. Vol. 25. No. 1. P. 529–550. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013649</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarychev A., Terry G.S. (2020). An Estranged ‘marriage of convenience’: Salvini, Putin, and the intricacies of Italian-Russian relations. Contemporary Italian Politics. Vol. 12. No. 1. P. 23–42. DOI: 10.1080/23248823.2019.1706926</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kertzer J.D., Zeitzoff T. A bottom-up theory of public opinion about foreign policy // American Journal of Political Science. 2017. Vol. 61. No. 3. P. 543–558. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/QSXDUN</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsumoto T., Okazaki T. (2023). Elite mobility and continuity during a regime change.The British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 74. No. 2. P. 205–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.13000</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khudoley K.K., Kolotaev Y.Y. Dividing Lines in the EU’s Common Foreign Policy: Russia as a polarising factor // Baltic Region. 2024. Vol. 16. No. 3. P. 87–107. DOI: 10.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maynard J.L., Mildenberger M. (2018). Convergence and divergence in the study of ideology: A critical review. British Journal of Political Science. Vol. 48. No. 2. P. 563–589. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123415000654</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Körösényi A. Political elites and democracy // The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites / ed. by H. Best, J. Higley. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. P. 41–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merkley E. (2022). Polarization eh? Ideological divergence and partisan sorting in the Canadian mass public. Public Opinion Quarterly. Vol. 86. No. 4. P. 932–943. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/cnzer</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lamoso-González P. Revisiting liberal intergovernmentalism in CFSP: preference formation and the EEAS // Contemporary Politics. 2024. Vol. 31. No. 3. P. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2024.2387433</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michels R. (1999). Political parties: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. London; NY: Routledge. 266 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lebedeva M. Introduction. Transformation of the Political Organization of the World // Turning Points of World Transformation: New Trends, Challenges and Actors / ed. by M. Lebedeva, V. Morozov. Singapore: Springer Nature, 2022. P. 3–14. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-1758-5_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mizin V.I. (2020). Novye kontury strategicheskoy stabil'nosti v global'noy mnogopolyarnoj konkurentsii [New contours of strategic stability in global multipolar competition]. Mezhdunarodnye protsessy. Vol. 18. No. 2. P. 141–168. https://doi.org/10.17994/IT.2020.18.2.61.8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loizides N.G. Elite framing and conflict transformation in Turkey // Parliamentary Affairs. 2009. Vol. 62. No. 2. P. 278–297. DOI: 10.1093/pa/gsn038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mosca G. (2012). Istoriya politicheskikh doktrin [History of Political Doctrines]. Moscow: Mysl. 326 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lupton D.L., Webb C. Wither elites? The role of elite credibility and knowledge in public perceptions of foreign policy // International Studies Quarterly. 2022. Vol. 66. No. 3. DOI:10.1093/isq/sqac057</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myrick R. (2021). Do external threats unite or divide? Security crises, rivalries, and polarization in American foreign policy. International Organization. Vol. 75. No. 4. P. 921–958. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818321000175</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makarychev A., Terry G.S. An Estranged ‘marriage of convenience’: Salvini, Putin, and the intricacies of Italian-Russian relations // Contemporary Italian Politics. 2020. Vol. 12. No. 1. P. 23–42. DOI: 10.1080/23248823.2019.1706926</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Najimdeen B. (2016). The Reconstruction of European Political and Public Sphere through a Constructivist Paradigm. Journal of European Studies (JES). Vol. 32. No. 2. P. 1–17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsumoto T., Okazaki T. Elite mobility and continuity during a regime change // The British Journal of Sociology. 2023. Vol. 74. No. 2. P. 205–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.13000</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neimark M.A. (2020). V poisakh uskol'zayushchey real'nosti: Otnosheniye politicheskoy elity SShA k Rossii [In search of elusive reality: The attitude of the US political elite towards Russia]. Nauchno-analiticheskiy zhurnal Obozrevatel'-Observer. No. 4(363). P. 66–77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maynard J.L., Mildenberger M. Convergence and divergence in the study of ideology: A critical review // British Journal of Political Science. 2018. Vol. 48. No. 2. P. 563–589. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123415000654</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oskina O.I. (2020). Transformatsionnye peremennye politicheskoy kul'tury sovremennoy politicheskoy elity [Transformational variables of the political culture of the modern political elite]. Voprosy elitologii. Vol. 1. No. 3. P. 52–73. DOI: 10.46539/elit.v1i3.26</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merkley E. Polarization eh? Ideological divergence and partisan sorting in the Canadian mass public // Public Opinion Quarterly. 2022. Vol. 86. No. 4. P. 932–943. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/cnzer</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pareto V. (2011). Transformatsiya demokratii [Transformation of Democracy]. Moscow: Territory of the Future. 208 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michels R. Political parties: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. London; NY: Routledge, 1999. 266 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pertiwi L.A. (2024). The EU's Approach to Sanctions on Russia: A Critical Analysis of the Existing Literature. Central European Journal of International &amp; Security Studies. Vol. 18. No. 3. P. 61–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51870/NOEX4475</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myrick R. Do external threats unite or divide? Security crises, rivalries, and polarization in American foreign policy // International Organization. 2021. Vol. 75. No. 4. P. 921–958. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818321000175</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Portela C., Pospieszna P., Skrzypczyńska J., Walentek D. (2021). Consensus against all odds: explaining the persistence of EU sanctions on Russia. Journal of European Integration. Vol. 43. No. 6. P. 683– 699. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1803854</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Najimdeen B. The Reconstruction of European Political and Public Sphere through a Constructivist Paradigm // Journal of European Studies (JES). 2016. Vol. 32. No. 2. P. 1–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogowski J.C., Sutherland J.L. (2016). How ideology fuels affective polarization. Political Behavior. Vol. 38. P. 485–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-015-9323-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pertiwi L.A. The EU's Approach to Sanctions on Russia: A Critical Analysis of the Existing Literature // Central European Journal of International &amp; Security Studies. 2024. Vol. 18. No. 3. P. 61–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51870/NOEX4475</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanova T.A. (2024). In Different Languages 2.0. Russia in Global Affairs. Vol. 22. No. 1. P. 72–92. DOI: 10.31278/1810-6374-2024-22-1-72-92</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Portela C., Pospieszna P., Skrzypczyńska J., Walentek D. Consensus against all odds: explaining the persistence of EU sanctions on Russia // Journal of European Integration. 2021. Vol. 43. No. 6. P. 683–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1803854</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanders J. (1980). Shaping the Cold War Consensus: The Soviet Threat, Interelite Conflict, and Mass Politics in the Korean War Era. Berkeley Journal of Sociology. Vol. 24. P. 67–136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogowski J.C., Sutherland J.L. How ideology fuels affective polarization // Political Behavior. 2016. Vol. 38. P. 485–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-015-9323-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saunders E.N. (2022). Elites in the making and breaking of foreign policy. Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 25. No. 1. P. 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-103330</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romanova T.A. In Different Languages 2.0 // Russia in Global Affairs. 2024. Vol. 22. No. 1. P. 72–92. DOI: 10.31278/1810-6374-2024-22-1-72-92</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schäfer M.S., Metag J. (2021). Audiences of science communication between pluralisation, fragmentation and polarization. In: M. Bucchi, B. Trench (eds) Routledge Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology. London; New York: Routledge. P. 291–304. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003039242</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanders J. Shaping the Cold War Consensus: The Soviet Threat, Interelite Conflict, and Mass Politics in the Korean War Era // Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 1980. Vol. 24. P. 67–136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schultz K. A. (2017). Perils of polarization for US foreign policy. The Washington Quarterly. Vol. 40. No. 4. P. 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2017.1406705</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saunders E.N. Elites in the making and breaking of foreign policy // Annual Review of Political Science. 2022. Vol. 25. No. 1. P. 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-103330</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakleina T., Rogers R. (2018). Historical Trajectory of the US-Russia Relationship. Perception and Misperception. Fletcher Security Review. Vol. 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schäfer M.S., Metag J. Audiences of science communication between pluralisation, fragmentation and polarisation // Routledge Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology / ed. by M. Bucchi, B. Trench. London; New York: Routledge, 2021. P. 291–304. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003039242</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shavitt S., Jiang D., Cho H. (2016). Stratification and segmentation: Social class in consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology. Vol. 26. No. 4. P. 583–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2016.08.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schultz K.A. Perils of polarization for US foreign policy // The Washington Quarterly. 2017. Vol. 40. No.4. P. 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2017.1406705</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh R.S. (2024). The Biden and Trump Doctrines in Comparative Perspective. In: S. A. Renshon, P. Suedfeld (eds) Presidential Leadership and Foreign Policy: Comparing the Trump and Biden Doctrines. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. P. 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52799-9_2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shakleina T., Rogers R. Historical Trajectory of the US-Russia Relationship. Perception and Misper-ception // Fletcher Security Review. 2018. Vol. 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sjursen H., Rosén G. (2017). Arguing sanctions. On the EU's response to the crisis in Ukraine. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 55. No. 1. P. 20–36. DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12443</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shavitt S., Jiang D., Cho H. Stratification and segmentation: Social class in consumer behavior // Journal of Consumer Psychology. 2016. Vol. 26. No. 4. P. 583–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2016.08.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smakotina N.L., Volkov A.V. (2024). Transformatsiya mirovogo poryadka v usloviyakh mezhdunarodnoy nestabil'nosti: otkrytyy mir i sinergiya tsivilizatsiy [Transformation of the world order under conditions of international instability: Open world and synergy of civilizations]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 27. Globalistika i geopolitika. No. 1. P. 3–22. DOI: 10.56429/2414-4894-2024-47-1-03-22</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh R.S. The Biden and Trump Doctrines in Comparative Perspective // Presidential Leadership and Foreign Policy: Comparing the Trump and Biden Doctrines / ed. by S. A. Renshon, P. Suedfeld. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. P. 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52799-9_2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spartak A.N., Frenchuzov V.V. (2022). Vliyanie antirossiyskikh sanktsiy na yevropeyskuyu ekonomiku [The impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the European economy]. Rossiyskiy vneshneekonomicheskiy vestnik. No. 12. P. 7–17. https://doi.org/10.24412/2072-8042-2022-12-7-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sjursen H., Rosén G. Arguing sanctions. On the EU's response to the crisis in Ukraine // JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 2017. Vol. 55. No. 1. P. 20–36. DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12443</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stolle D. (2024). Aiding Ukraine in the Russian war: unity or new dividing line among Europeans? European Political Science. Vol. 23. P. 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-023-00444-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stolle D. Aiding Ukraine in the Russian war: unity or new dividing line among Europeans? // European Political Science. 2024. Vol. 23. P. 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-023-00444-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suhonosov, A.P. (2022). Politicheskie elity v usloviyakh rosta novoy volny mirovogo krizisa [Political elites in the context of the growth of a new wave of the gobal crisis]. Issues in Elitology. Vol. 3. No. 2. P. 51–63. DOI: 10.46539/elit.v3i2.104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woods M. Rethinking elites: networks, space, and local politics // Environment and Planning A. 1998. Vol. 30. No. 12. P. 2101–2119. https://doi.org/10.1068/a302101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woods M. (1998). Rethinking elites: networks, space, and local politics. Environment and Planning A. Vol. 30. No. 12. P. 2101–2119. https://doi.org/10.1068/a302101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ziegler C.E. International dimensions of electoral processes: Russia, the USA, and the 2016 elections // International Politics. 2018. Vol. 55. No. 5. P. 557–574. DOI: 10.1057/s41311-017-0113-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ziegler C.E. (2018). International dimensions of electoral processes: Russia, the USA, and the 2016 elections. International Politics. Vol. 55. No. 5. P. 557–574. DOI:10.1057/s41311-017-0113-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
