<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/IT.2024.22.3-4.78-79.6</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-856</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОТ ТЕОРИИ К ПРАКТИКЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Европейская кампания 2024 г. в Германии. По-прежнему выборы «второго порядка»?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The 2024 European Campaign in Germany. Still “Second-Order” Elections?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лисенкова</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lisenkova</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лисенкова Алена Денисовна – кандидат политических наук, старший преподаватель Кафедры международных отношений</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr Alena Lisenkova – Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alena.denisovna@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Западный институт управления – филиал Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North-West Institute of Management – branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3-4</issue><fpage>103</fpage><lpage>122</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лисенкова А.Д., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лисенкова А.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lisenkova A.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/856">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/856</self-uri><abstract><p>В 2024 г. состоялись десятые прямые выборы в Европейский парламент. В них приняли участие граждане всех государств–членов Европейского союза. Несмотря на устоявшуюся традицию проведения европейских кампаний, в научно-политическом дискурсе прочно укоренилось представление об их низкой значимости. В качестве подтверждения обычно используется ряд положений концепции национальных выборов «второго порядка». Цель данной статьи – оценить применимость этой концепции к кампании в Европейский парламент 2024 г. в Германии. В тексте рассматриваются статистические данные, позволяющие сопоставить результаты выборов «первого» (в Бундестаг) и «второго порядка» (в Европейский парламент). Они касаются явки, протестного голосования и результатов основных политических партий страны. Отдельное внимание уделено ключевым элементам нормативно-правовой и институциональной трансформации Европейского парламента, а также повлиявшим на результаты голосования политическим проблемам и внутрипартийным кризисам. Автор приходит к выводу, что в ходе голосований по избранию представительного органа ЕС 2014, 2019 и 2024 годов наблюдаются тенденции как постепенного роста интереса граждан к голосованию в Европейский парламент, так и снижения процента испорченных бюллетеней. Тем не менее по некоторым признакам выборы 2024 г. всё ещё можно характеризовать как второстепенные. Например, явка в 2024 г. была существенно ниже, чем в рамках предшествовавшей федеральной кампании 2021 года. При этом участники находящейся во второй половине своего срока правящей коалиции «Светофор» потерпели неудачу. Прослеживалось и протестное голосование как за евроскептиков, так и за еврооптимистов. Наконец, весомое значение имела совокупность экономических, энергетических, внешнеполитических и миграционных проблем, а также системный кризис партии «Левая».</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The tenth direct European elections were held in 2024, with citizens from all member states of the European Union involved. Despite the well-established tradition of European campaigns, the perception that this vote is of little importance and secondary is embedded in the academic political discourse. Several provisions of the concept of second-order national elections are often cited as evidence. According to its proponents, the secondary vote is traditionally characterized by low turnout, setbacks for governing political parties, a high percentage of invalid ballots, and broad prospects for various small, new, populist, radical, or protest parties. This paper aims to assess the applicability of the concept to the 2024 campaign for the European Parliament in Germany. The article employs statistical data making it possible to compare the results of first-order (Bundestag) and second-order (European Parliament) elections. These data relate to turnout, protest voting, and the results of all the country’s main political parties. Special attention is attached to the key elements of the legal and institutional transformation of the European Parliament, as well as the political issues and intra-party crises that influenced the election results. The article concludes by saying that one may detect a definite trend over the last three (2014, 2019, 2024) campaigns, concerning both a gradual increase in citizens’ interest in voting for the European Parliament and a decrease in the percentage of spoiled ballots. Nevertheless, in some respects, the 2024 elections can still be regarded as second-class. For example, turnout in 2024 was significantly lower than in the preceding 2021 federal campaign, while members of the ruling Traffic Light coalition, which is in the second half of its term, were unsuccessful. Protest voting for both Eurosceptics and Eurooptimists was also evident. Finally, the combination of economic, energy, foreign policy and migration issues, as well as the systemic crisis of the Left party, weighed heavily.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>концепция национальных выборов «второго порядка»</kwd><kwd>Европейский парламент</kwd><kwd>европейские выборы 2024 года</kwd><kwd>Германия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>concept of second-order national elections</kwd><kwd>European Parliament</kwd><kwd>2024 European elections</kwd><kwd>Germany</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белов В.Б. Партийный проект Сары Вагенкнехт – новая протестная альтернатива? // Аналитические записки Института Европы РАН. 2023. № 4 (36). С. 43–48. DOI: 10.15211/analytics42820234348</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belov V.B. (2022). Smena paradigmy v energeticheskoy kooperatsii Germanii s Rossiyey [A Paradigm Change in Energy Cooperation between Germany and Russia]. Contemporary Europe. No. 4 (111). P. 5–21. DOI: 10.31857/S0201708322040015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белозёров В.К. Германия конструирует стратегическую культуру // Россия в глобальной политике. 2023. Т. 21. №5 (123). С. 166–177. DOI: 10.31278/1810-6439-2023-21-5-166-177</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belov V.B. (2023). Partiynyy proyekt Sary Vagenknekht – novaya protestnaya al'ternativa? [Sarah Wagenknecht’s Party Project – a New Protest Alternative?]. Analytical papers of IE RAS. No. 4 (36). P. 43–48. DOI: 10.15211/analytics42820234348</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белов В.Б. Смена парадигмы в энергетической кооперации Германии с Россией // Современная Европа. 2022. №4 (111). С. 5–21. DOI: 10.31857/S0201708322040015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belov V.B., Kotov A.V. (2023). Oformilas' li «smena epokh» v ekonomicheskikh otnosheniyakh. YES i Germanii s Rossiyey? [Has the “Zeitenwende” Taken Shape in the Economic Relations of the EU and Germany with the Russian Federation?]. Analytical papers of IE RAS. No. 1 (33). P. 17–37. DOI: 10.15211/analytics1320231727</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белов В.Б., Котов А.В. Оформилась ли «смена эпох» в экономических отношениях. ЕС и Германии с Россией? // Аналитические записки Института Европы РАН. 2023. № 1 (33). С. 17–37. DOI: 10.15211/analytics1320231727</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belov V. B. (ed.) (2024). Germaniya. 2023 [Germany. 2023]. Moscow: IE RAS. 194 p. DOI: 10.15211/report22024_408</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Германия. 2023 / Под ред. В.Б. Белова. М.: Ин-т Европы РАН, 2024. 194 с. DOI: 10.15211/report22024_408</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belozyorov V.K. (2023). Germaniya konstruiruyet strategicheskuyu kul'turu [Germany Building a Strategic Culture]. Russia in Global Affairs. Vol. 21. No. 5 (123). P. 166–177. DOI: 10.31278/1810-6439-2023-21-5-166-177</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горчакова О.Г. Анализ трендов избирательной явки за период с 1979 по 2009 годы на примере выборов в Европейский парламент // Социум и власть. 2010. № 4 (28). С. 48–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decker O., Kalkstein F., Dilling M., Celik K., Hellweg N., Brähler E. (2024). Besteht eine Chance für eine neue Partei? AfD-Anhänger und die Aussicht für eine Alternative links der Mitte. Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen. Vol. 37. No. 2. P. 1–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуселетов Б.П. Праворадикальные общеевропейские партии накануне общеевропейских выборов 2024 г. // Актуальные проблемы Европы. 2023. № 4 (120). С. 38–60. DOI: 10.31249/ape/2023.04.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Efthymiopoulos M.P., Kaimaklioti M., Fotopoulos S. (2024). 2019 European Elections in Cyprus: An Empirical Exploration of Second-Order Election Effects and Europe Salience. Baltic Journal of Law &amp; Politics. Vol. 117. No. 1. P. 116–135. DOI: 10.2478/bjlp-2024-0006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуселетов Б.П. Трансформация партийно-политической системы ЕС накануне евровыборов-2024 // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2024. Т. 68. № 3. С. 34–45. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-3-34-45</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedorov S. M. (2019). Yevrovybory vo Frantsii i ikh politicheskiye posledstviya [The European Elections in France and Their Political Consequences]. In: Yu. Kvashnin, A. Kudriavtsev, N. Plevako, V. Shveitser (eds.). European Parliament Elections 2019: National Responses to the Dilemmas of European Integration. Moscow: IMEMO, IE RAS. P. 65–68.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кавешников Н.Ю. Влияние трансформации партийно-политического пространства Евросоюза на организацию и функционирование Европарламента // Современная Европа. 2020. № 2(95). С. 163–175. DOI: 10.15211/soveurope22020163175</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Felix W.C. (2021). Still Second-Order? Can the European Parliament Elections Still be Classified as Second-Order Elections? FU Berlin – Otto-Suhr-Institute. Working Paper. 16 p. URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-76698-8 (accessed: 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинова М.В., Сидорова Е.А. Политическая турбулентность и инфляция во Франции и еврозоне // Международные процессы. 2022. Т. 20. №4 (71). С. 119–135. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2022.20.4.71.7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giebler H. (2019). Germany: Second Order but Still Groundbreaking? In: L. De Sio, M. N. Franklin, L. Russo (eds.). The European Parliament Elections of 2019. Rome: Luiss University Press. P. 147–153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов А.В. Явка на выборах в Европарламент: изменение отношения к ЕС жителей разных стран членов // Выборы в Европарламент – 2019: национальные ответы на дилеммы европейской интеграции / Под ред. Ю.Д. Квашнина, А.К. Кудрявцева, Н.С. Плевако, В.Я. Швейцера. М.: ИМЭМО РАН; ИЕ РАН, 2019. С. 18–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorchakova O.G. (2010). Analiz trendov izbiratel'noy yavki za period s 1979 goda 2009 gody na primere vyborov v Yevropeyskiy parlament [The Turnout Trends Analysis from 1979 to 2009 on the Example of the Elections to the European Parliament]. Society and Power. No. 4 (28). P. 48–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лисенкова А.Д. Партии «Альтернатива для Германии» и «Левая» в восточных землях: трансформация электоральных предпочтений // Регионология. 2023. Т. 31. №3 (124). С. 426–441. DOI: 10.15507/2413-1407.124.031.202303.426-441</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guseletov B.P. (2023). Pravoradikal'nyye obshcheyevropeyskiye partii nakanune obshcheyevropeyskikh vyborov 2024 g [Right-Wing Pan-European Parties on the Eve of The Pan-European Elections of 2024]. Current Problems of Europe. No. 4 (120). P. 38–60. DOI: 10.31249/ape/2023.04.03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлов Н.В., Дмитриев Д.А. «Левая»: кризис идеи или врождённый дефект? // Современная Европа. 2024. № 3(124). С. 82–94. DOI: 10.31857/S0201708324030070</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guseletov B.P. (2024). Transformatsiya partiyno-politicheskoy sistemy YES nakanune yevrovyborov-2024 [Transformation of the EU Political Party System on the Eve of the 2024 European Election]. World Economy and International Relations. Vol. 68. No. 3. P. 34–45. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-3-34-45</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Погорельский А.В. Генезис и эволюция евроскептицизма как политического явления // Проблемы социальных и гуманитарных наук. 2022. № 3 (32). С. 166–172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansen M.A., Olsen J. (2022). The Alternative for Germany (AfD) as Populist Issue Entrepreneur: Explaining the Party and its Voters in the 2021 German Federal Election. German Politics. P. 1–25. DOI: 0.1080/09644008.2022.2087871</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Румянцев А.Г. Пятипроцентный барьер на выборах в Европарламент признан в Германии неконституционным // Сравнительное конституционное обозрение. 2011. № 6 (85). С. 94–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hix S., Marsh M. (2007). Punishment or Protest? Understanding European Parliament Elections. The Journal of Politics. Vol. 69. No. 2. P. 495–510. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00546.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самолетова А.М. Выборы в Европейский парламент в посткоммунистических странах Европейского союза: что они говорят о партийных системах этих стран? // Полития. 2013. №3 (70). С. 131– 146. DOI: 10.30570/2078-5089-2013-70-3-131-146</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jurkynas M. (2024). Testing Europe Salience and Second-Order Election Theories: 2019 European Parliamentary Elections in Lithuania. Baltic Journal of Law &amp; Politics. Vol. 17. No. 1. P. 93–115. DOI: 10.2478/bjlp-2024-0005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколов А.П., Воротников В.В., Давыдов А.Д. Изменение через отдаление: правительство Олафа Шольца и российско-германские отношения. М.: МГИМО-Университет, 2023. 40 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaveshnikov N.Yu. (2020). Vliyaniye transformatsii partiyno-politicheskogo prostranstva Yevrosoyuza na organizatsiyu i funktsionirovaniye Yevroparlamenta [Transformation of Party and Political Space of the European Union and Its Influence on the Organization and Functioning of the European Parliament]. Contemporary Europe. No. 2 (95). P. 163–175. DOI: 10.15211/soveurope22020163175</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколов А.П., Давыдов А.Д. Проблемы миграционной политики Германии: от сдержанности к открытости // Международная аналитика. 2023. Т. 14. №3. С. 41–57. DOI: 10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-3-41-57</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khorolskaya M.V. (2023). Izmeneniya v politicheskom landshafte Germanii posle nachala boyevykh deystviy na Ukraine: vyzovy dlya Rossii [Changes in the German Political Landscape after the Outbreak of the Conflict in Ukraine: Challenges for Russia]. Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal. No. 2. P. 73–83. DOI: 10.20542/afij-2023-2-73-83</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Спасский Е.Н. От «Антипартийности» к партийному традиционализму: политическая эволюция «Зелёных» в объединённой Германии // Политэкс. 2006. №4. С. 82–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klinova M.V., Sidorova E.A. (2022). Politicheskaya turbulentnost' i inflyatsiya vo Frantsii i yevrozone [Inflation in the Context of Geopolitics in France and the Eurozone]. International Trends. Vol. 20. No. 4 (71). P. 119–135. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2022.20.4.71.7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фёдоров С.М. Евровыборы во Франции и их политические последствия // Выборы в Европарламент – 2019: национальные ответы на дилеммы европейской интеграции / Под ред. Ю.Д. Квашнина, А.К. Кудрявцева, Н.С. Плевако, В.Я. Швейцера. М.: ИМЭМО РАН; ИЕ РАН, 2019. С. 65–68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korte K.-R. (2020). Wahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen: Kommunalwahl – Landtagswahl – Bundestagswahl – Europawahl. Frankfurt am Main: Wochenschau Verlag. 262 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хорольская М.В. Изменения в политическом ландшафте Германии после начала боевых действий на Украине: вызовы для России // Анализ и прогноз. Журнал ИМЭМО РАН. 2023. № 2. С. 73–83. DOI: 10.20542/afij-2023-2-73-83</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsov A.V. (2019). Yavka na vyborakh v Yevroparlament: izmeneniye otnosheniya k YES zhiteley raznykh stran-chlenov [Turnout at Elections to the European Parliament: Changing Attitudes towards the EU of Residents of Different Member States]. In: Yu. Kvashnin, A. Kudriavtsev, N. Plevako,V. Shveitser (eds.). European Parliament Elections 2019: National Responses to the Dilemmas of European Integration. Moscow: IMEMO; IE RAS. P. 18–22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Efthymiopoulos M.P., Kaimaklioti M., Fotopoulos S. 2019 European Elections in Cyprus: An Empirical Exploration of Second-Order Election Effects and Europe Salience // Baltic Journal of Law &amp; Politics. 2024. Vol. 117. No. 1. P. 116–135. DOI: 10.2478/bjlp-2024-0006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lasan N. (2020). Testing the Second-Order Elections Model on the 2019 European Elections in Romania. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Europaea. Vol. 65 (2). P. 359–374. DOI: 10.24193/subbeuropaea.2020.2.16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Felix W.C. Still Second-Order? Can the European Parliament Elections Still be Classified as Second-Order Elections? FU Berlin – Otto-Suhr-Institute, 2021. Working Paper. 16 p. URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-76698-8 (accessed: 02.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewandowsky M., Jankowski M. (2023). Sympathy for the Devil? Voter Support for Illiberal Politicians. European Political Science Review. Vol. 15. No. 1. P. 39–56. DOI:10.1017/S175577392200042X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Decker O., Kalkstein F., Dilling M., Celik K., Hellweg N., Brähler E. Besteht eine Chance für eine neue Partei? AfD-Anhänger und die Aussicht für eine Alternative links der Mitte // Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen. 2024. Vol. 37. No. 2. P. 1–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lisenkova A.D. (2023). Partii «Al'ternativa dlya Germanii» i «Levaya» v vostochnykh zemlyakh: transformatsiya elektoral'nykh predpochteniy [The Alternative for Germany and the Left Parties in the Eastern States: Transformation of Electoral Preferences]. Russian Journal of Regional Studies. Vol. 31. No. 3 (124). P. 426–441. DOI: 10.15507/2413-1407.124.031.202303.426-441</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giebler H. Germany: Second Order but Still Groundbreaking? // The European Parliament Elections of 2019 / ed. by L. De Sio, M.N. Franklin, L. Russo. Rome: Luiss University Press, 2019. P. 147–153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milosavljević I.R., Milovanović I. (2019). Izbori za Evropski parlament: od nacionalnih izbora drugog reda do evropeizovanog drugorazrednog takmičenja. Godišnjak FPN. No. 13. P. 55–73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansen M.A., Olsen J. The Alternative for Germany (AfD) as Populist Issue Entrepreneur: Explaining the Party and its Voters in the 2021 German Federal Election // German Politics. 2022. P. 1–25. DOI: 0.1080/09644008.2022.2087871</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreau P. (2022). Aux marges du système politique : Die Linke et l'AfD aux elections au Bundestag de 2021. Revue d'Allemagne. Vol. 54. No. 1. P. 217–235. DOI: 10.4000/allemagne.3090</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hix S., Marsh M. Punishment or Protest? Understanding European Parliament Elections // The Journal of Politics. 2007. Vol. 69. No. 2. P. 495–510. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00546.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norris P., Reif K. (1997). Second-Order Elections. European Journal of Political Research. Vol. 31. No.1. P. 109–124. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.00308</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jurkynas M. Testing Europe Salience and Second-Order Election Theories: 2019 European Parliamentary Elections in Lithuania // Baltic Journal of Law &amp; Politics. 2024. Vol. 17. No. 1. P. 93–115. DOI: 10.2478/bjlp-2024-0005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ondarza O., Schenuit F. (2018). Schatten über den Europawahlen: Drei Szenarien für EU-skeptische Parteien nach den Wahlen 2019. SWP-Aktuell. No. 58. P. 1–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korte K.-R. Wahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen: Kommunalwahl – Landtagswahl – Bundestagswahl – Europawahl. Frankfurt am Main: Wochenschau Verlag, 2020. 262 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlov N.V., Dmitriev D.A. (2024). «Levaya»: krizis idei ili vrozhdennyy defekt? [The Left Party: Crisis of Ideas or Inherited Defect]. Contemporary Europe. No. 3(124). P. 82–94. DOI: 10.31857/S0201708324030070</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lasan N. Testing the Second-Order Elections Model on the 2019 European Elections in Romania // Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Europaea. 2020. Vol. 65. No. 2. P. 359–374. DOI: 10.24193/subbeuropaea.2020.2.16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pesthy M., Mader M., Schoen H. (2021). Why Is the AfD so Successful in Eastern Germany? An Analysis of the Ideational Foundations of the AfD Vote in the 2017 Federal Election.Politische Vierteljahresschrift. Vol. 62. P. 69–91. DOI: 10.1007/s11615-020-00285-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewandowsky M., Jankowski M. Sympathy for the Devil? Voter Support for Illiberal Politicians // European Political Science Review. 2023. Vol. 15. No. 1. P. 39–56. DOI:10.1017/S175577392200042X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pogorelsky A.V. (2022). Genezis i evolyutsiya yevroskeptitsizma kak politicheskogo yavleniya [The Genesis and Evolution of Euroscepticism as a Political Phenomenon]. Problemy sotsial'nykh i gumanitarnykh nauk. No. 3 (32). P. 166–172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milosavljević I.R., Milovanović I. Izbori za Evropski parlament: od nacionalnih izbora drugog reda do evropeizovanog drugorazrednog takmičenja // Godišnjak FPN. 2019. No. 13. P. 55–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reif K., Schmitt H. (1980). Nine Second-Order National Elections. A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results. European Journal of Political Research. Vol. 8. No. 1. P. 3–44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00737.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreau P. Aux marges du système politique : Die Linke et l'AfD aux elections au Bundestag de 2021 // Revue d'Allemagne. 2022. Vol. 54. No. 1. P. 217–235. DOI: 10.4000/allemagne.3090</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rumyantsev A.G. (2011). Pyatiprotsentnyy bar'yer na vyborakh v Yevroparlament priznan v Germanii nekonstitutsionnym [The Five Percent Barrier Clause for the European Elections is Recognized as Unconstitutional in Germany]. Comparative Constitutional Review. No. 6 (85). P. 94–102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norris P., Reif K. Second-Order Elections // European Journal of Political Research. 1997. Vol. 31. Iss.1. P. 109–124. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.00308</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samoletova A.M. (2013). Vybory v Yevropeyskiy parlament v postkommunisticheskikh stranakh Yevropeyskogo soyuza: chto oni govoryat o partiynykh sistemakh etikh stran? [European Parliament Elections in Post-Communist EU Countries: What They Tell Us about Party Systems in These Countries?]. Politeia. No. 3 (70). P. 131–146. DOI: 10.30570/2078-5089-2013-70-3-131-146</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ondarza O., Schenuit F. Schatten über den Europawahlen: Drei Szenarien für EU-skeptische Parteien nach den Wahlen 2019 // SWP-Aktuell. 2018. No. 58. P. 1–8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitt H., Sanz A., Braun D., Teperoglou E. (2020). It All Happens at Once: Understanding Electoral Behaviour in Second-Order Elections. Politics and Governance. Vol. 8. No. 1. P. 6–18. DOI: 10.17645/pag.v8i1.2513</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pesthy M., Mader M., Schoen H. Why Is the AfD so Successful in Eastern Germany? An Analysis of the Ideational Foundations of the AfD Vote in the 2017 Federal Election // Politische Vierteljahresschrift. 2021. Vol. 62. P. 69–91. DOI: 10.1007/s11615-020-00285-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolov A.P., Davydov A.D. (2023). Problemy migratsionnoy politiki Germanii: ot sderzhannosti k otkrytosti [Germany's Migration Policy Challenges: From Restraint to Openness]. Journal of International Analytics. Vol. 14. No. 3. P. 41–57. DOI: 10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-3-41-57</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reif K., Schmitt H. Nine Second-Order National Elections. A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results // European Journal of Political Research. 1980. Vol. 8. No. 1. P. 3–44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00737.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolov A.P., Vorotnikov V.V., Davydov A.D. (2023). Izmeneniye cherez otdaleniye: pravitel'stvo Olafa Shol'tsa i rossiysko-germanskiye otnosheniya [Change through Distance: the Government of Olaf Scholz and Russian-German Relations]. Moscow: MGIMO University. 40 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitt H., Sanz A., Braun D., Teperoglou E. It All Happens at Once: Understanding Electoral Behaviour in Second-Order Elections // Politics and Governance. 2020. Vol. 8. No. 1. P. 6–18. DOI: 10.17645/pag.v8i1.2513</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spassky E.N. (2006). Ot «Antipartiynosti» k partiynomu traditsionalizmu: politicheskaya evolyutsiya «Zelenykh» v ob"yedinennoy Germanii [From the "Antiparty Affect" to the Party Traditionalism: Political Evolution of the Green Party in the United Germany]. Political Expertise: POLITEX. No. 4. P. 82–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zemánek L. 2024 European Parliament Election: Campaign, Predictions &amp; Trends // Weekly Briefing. 2024. Vol. 73. No. 4. P. 1–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemánek L. (2024). 2024 European Parliament Election: Campaign, Predictions &amp; Trends. Weekly Briefing. Vol. 73. No. 4. P. 1–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
