<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/IT.2024.22.3-4.78-79.8</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-858</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИКСИРУЕМ ТЕНДЕНЦИЮ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CATCHING A TREND</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Феномен «бутылочного горлышка» в торговых отношениях Евросоюза с Россией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Bottle-Neck Phenomenon in the EU Trade Restrictions Against The Russian Federation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давранова</surname><given-names>С. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Davranova</surname><given-names>S. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Давранова Сабина Бобыровна – аналитик Центра средиземноморских исследований</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ms Sabina Davranova – Analyst, Center for Mediterranean Studies</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sbdavranova@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3-4</issue><fpage>142</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Давранова С.Б., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Давранова С.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Davranova S.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/858">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/858</self-uri><abstract><p>При каких условиях можно говорить об исчерпании потенциала использования санкций в условиях взаимозависимости между ЕС и Россией? Предметом исследования являются изъятия из торговых санкций, прописанных в Регламенте Совета (ЕС) № 833/2014 от 31 июля 2014 года. В работе предложена их типологизация: гуманитарные и дипломатические исключения, специальные оговорки для закрытия отдельных сделок, послабления для физических лиц и изъятия, вводимые из соображений экономической безопасности. В отношении последних проанализирована торговая статистика за 2021–2023 годы, рассчитаны темпы прироста экспорта из Российской Федерации в Европейский союз, использован индекс Херфиндаля–Хиршмана для анализа географической концентрации экспорта в пределах всего интеграционного блока. Результаты проведённого исследования позволяют идентифицировать возможные пределы использования санкций в отношении России. В этом случае уместно говорить о том, что разработка санкционных ограничений стопорится и происходит эффект «бутылочного горлышка». Изучение динамики данного эффекта позволяет проследить, когда происходит снижение эффективности санкционных мер ЕС в силу объективных причин. Термин «бутылочное горлышко» употребляется не потому, что санкционные меры неэффективны: взаимодействие Москвы и Брюсселя в отдельных областях подчиняется особой рыночной, а не политической логике. В работе выявлено три случая проявления данного эффекта: а) когда приоритеты ЕС по другим направлениям более значимы, чем стремление ослабить Россию; б) когда санкции не могут быть введены в силу гуманитарных соображений – в этом случае повышается риск военизации через меры тарифного регулирования; в) когда речь идёт о сохранении крупными странами ЕС отдельных элементов торгово-экономического взаимодействия с Россией, прочно сложившихся за годы формирования экономической взаимозависимости и слабо подверженных демонтажу в силу особенностей рыночной конъюнктуры.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Under what conditions might the potential for weaponizing economic interdependence through sanctions in EU-Russia relations be exhausted? Focusing on the exemptions provided under Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 of 31 July 2014, the paper develops a typology that distinguishes between humanitarian and diplomatic derogations, special reservations for deal-making, individual derogations, and exemptions justified by economic security reasons. As for the latter, the analysis draws on trade statistics from 2021 to 2023 – calculating export growth rates from Russia to the EU and employing the Herfindahl-Hirschman index to assess the geographical concentration of exports within the integration bloc. The findings contribute to the literature that views EU anti-Russian sanctions as a tool of weaponization of economic interdependence in Russian-European relations, while also delineating the limits of such weaponization. In particular, the study introduces the bottleneck effect concept observed when EU sanctions policy-making stalls for objective reasons. Here, “bottleneck” does not imply inability to impose sanctions. It reflects a scenario in which sanctions are driven by economic market dynamics rather than political logic contrasting with many other areas of bygone Russian-European cooperation now under sanctions. The paper identifies three cases of this effect: a) when the EU prioritizes other policy objectives over weakening Russia; b) when the imposition of sanctions is stalled for humanitarian reasons – thereby potentially increasing the risk of weaponization via tariff regulation measures; c) when major EU countries guard certain longstanding elements of trade and economic interaction with Russia that are vital for their own economies.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>отношения России и ЕС</kwd><kwd>санкционная политика</kwd><kwd>торговые санкции</kwd><kwd>военизация взаимозависимости</kwd><kwd>эффект «бутылочного горлышка»</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Russian-European relations</kwd><kwd>sanctions policy</kwd><kwd>trade sanctions</kwd><kwd>weaponization of interdependence</kwd><kwd>bottle-neck effect</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках стратегического проекта «Сценарное прогнозирование развития механизма вторичных санкций против России» НИУ ВШЭ.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арапова Е.Я. Новые модальности глобальной санкционной политики // Международная аналитика. 2023. Т. 14. № 1. С. 37–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-1-37-51</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arapova E.Ya. (2023). Novye modal'nosti global'noi sanktsionnoi politiki [New Modalities of the Global Sanctions Policy]. Journal of International Analytics. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 37–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-1-37-51</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афонин С.Е. Перспективы создания и функционирования кластера по производству редкоземельных металлов в России // Вестник Московского финансово-юридического университета. 2023. № 4. С. 95–106. DOI: 10.52210/2224669X_2023_4_95</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afonin S.E. (2023). Perspektivy sozdaniya i funktsionirovaniya klastera po proizvodstvu redkozemel'nykh metallov v Rossii [Prospects for The Creation and a Functional Cluster or the Production of Rare-Earth Metals in Russia]. Vestnik Moskovskogo finansovo-yuridicheskogo universiteta. No. 4. P. 95–106. DOI: 10.52210/2224669X_2023_4_95</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демаре А. Обратный эффект санкций. Как санкции меняют мир не в интересах США. М.: Азбука-Бизнес: Азбука-Аттикус, 2024. 320 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brooks R. (2017). How Everything Became War and the Military Became Everything: Tales from the Pentagon. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. 448 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макаров И.А. Таксономия торговых барьеров: пять типов протекционизма // Современная мировая экономика. 2023. Т. 1. № 1. С. 74–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/2949-5776-2023-1-1-74-94</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christou A., Damro C. (2024). Frames and Issue Linkage: EU Trade Policy in the Geoeconomic Turn. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 62. No. 4. P. 1080–1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13598</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Растворцева С.Н. Экономическая активность регионов России // Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз. 2018. Т. 11. № 1. С. 84–99. DOI: 10.15838/esc.2018.1.55.6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Couvreur S. (2024). Inside the European Union’s Trade Machinery: Institutional Changes in an Age of Geoeconomics. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 63. No. 1. P. 284–301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13625</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Романова Т. Отношения России и Европейского союза в контексте современной трансформации миропорядка: проблемы изучения и преподавания // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Экономика. 2024. Т. 40. № 2. С. 157–174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demarais A. (2022). Backfire: How Sanctions Reshape the World Against U.S. Interests. New York: Columbia University Press. 304 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Политика санкций Европейского союза. Опыт событийного анализа. // Современная Европа. 2021. № 2. С. 17–27. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope220211727</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drezner D.W. (2024). Global Economic Sanctions. Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 27. P. 9–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-032240</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Как исследовать политику санкций в проекте «Политический атлас современного мира 2.0»? // Политическая наука. 2024а. № 2. С. 282–299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31249/poln/2024.02.13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ehntin M.L., Ehntina E.G. (2023). Usiliya Rossii, Kitaya, Indii, ES i SSHA po obreteniyu strategicheskoi glubiny v 2022–2023 godakh [Efforts by Russia, China, India, the EU and the US to Gain Strategic Depth in 2022–2023]. Moscow: Zebra E / Galaktika. 760 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Торговые санкции Европейского союза в отношении России: современная практика // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Экономика. 2024б. Т. 40. № 2. С. 233–247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.205</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ehntin M.L., Ehntina E.G., Davranova S.B., Nadzharov A.M. (2024). Teoretiko-metodologicheskie aspekty izucheniya sanktsionnoi politiki Zapada [Theoretical and methodological aspects of the Western sanctions policy research]. Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniya. № 1. P. 7–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2024.01.02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н., Чуприянова П.И. Политика санкций ЕС в отношении России после февраля 2022 г.: направления изменений // Современная мировая экономика. 2024. Т. 2. № 2(6). С. 43–59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/2949-5776-2024-2-2-43-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farrell H., Newman A.L. (2019). Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion. International Security. Vol. 44. No. 1. P. 42–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00351</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Энтин М.Л., Энтина Е.Г. Усилия России, Китая, Индии, ЕС и США по обретению стратегической глубины в 2022–2023 годах. М.: Зебра Е / Галактика, 2023. 760 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farrell H., Newman A.L. (2023). Underground Empire: How America Weaponized the World Economy. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 288 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Энтин М.Л., Энтина Е.Г., Давранова С.Б., Наджаров А.М. Теоретико-методологические аспекты изучения санкционной политики Запада // Полис. Политические исследования. 2024. № 1. С. 7–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2024.01.02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faulk G.T. (2024). Strengthen US Sanctions by Enabling Regularized Use of Humanitarian Exemptions. Journal of World Trade. Vol. 58. No. 4. P. 655–680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2024034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brooks R. How Everything Became War and the Military Became Everything: Tales from the Pentagon. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2017. 448 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Juncos A. (2021). The Institutions of the Common Foreign and Security Policy between intergovern-mentalism and supranationalism. In: D. Hodson, U. Puetter, S. Saurugger, J. Peterson (eds) The Institutions of the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. P. 299–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198862222.003.0013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christou A., Damro C. Frames and Issue Linkage: EU Trade Policy in the Geoeconomic Turn // JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 2024. Vol. 62. No. 4. P. 1080–1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13598</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keohane R.O., Nye J.S. (1977). Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 308 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Couvreur S. Inside the European Union’s Trade Machinery: Institutional Changes in an Age of Geoeconomics // JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 2024. Vol. 63. No. 1. P. 284–301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13625.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov I.A. (2023). Taksonomiya torgovykh bar'erov: pyat' tipov protektsionizma [Taxanomy of Trade Barriers: Five Types of Protectionism]. Sovremennaya mirovaya ehkonomika. Vol. 1. No. 1. P. 74–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/2949-5776-2023-1-1-74-94</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drezner D.W. Global Economic Sanctions // Annual Review of Political Science. 2024. Vol. 27. P. 9–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-032240</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mallard G., Sabet F., Sun J. (2020). The Humanitarian Gap in the Global Sanctions Regime. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. Vol. 26. No. 1. P. 121–153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farrell H., Newman A.L. Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion // International Security. 2019. Vol. 44. No. 1. P. 42–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00351</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pape R.A. (1997). Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work. International Security. Vol. 22. No. 2. P. 90–136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farrell H., Newman A.L. Underground Empire: How America Weaponized the World Economy. New York: Henry Holt and Co, 2023. 288 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rastvortseva S.N. (2018). Ehkonomicheskaya aktivnost' regionov Rossii [Economic Activity in Russian Regions]. Ehkonomicheskie i sotsial'nye peremeny: fakty, tendentsii, prognoz. Vol. 11. No. 1. P. 84–99. DOI: 10.15838/esc.2018.1.55.6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faulk G.T. Strengthen US Sanctions by Enabling Regularized Use of Humanitarian Exemptions // Journal of World Trade. 2024. Vol. 58. No. 4. P. 655–680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2024034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanova T. (2024). Otnosheniya Rossii i Evropeiskogo soyuza v kontekste sovremennoi transformatsii miroporyadka: problemy izucheniya i prepodavaniya [Relations between Russia and the European Union in the context of modern transformation of the world order: Issues of studying and teaching]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ehkonomika. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 157–174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Juncos A. The Institutions of the Common Foreign and Security Policy between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism // The Institutions of the European Union / ed. by D. Hodson, U. Puetter,S. Saurugger, J. Peterson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021. P. 299–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198862222.003.0013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slaughter A.-M. (1997). The Real New World Order. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 76. No. 5. P. 183–197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keohane R.O., Nye J.S. Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1977. 273 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.N. (2021). Politika sanktsii Evropeiskogo soyuza. Opyt sobytiinogo analiza [Approaching the EU Sanctions Policy: An Experiment with Event Analysis]. Sovremennaya Evropa. No. 2. P. 17–27. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope220211727</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mallard G., Sabet F., Sun J. The Humanitarian Gap in the Global Sanctions Regime // Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. 2020. Vol. 26. No. 1. P. 121–153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.N. (2024). Kak issledovat' politiku sanktsii v proekte «Politicheskiy atlas sovremennogo mira 2.0»? [“Political Atlas of the Modern World 2.0”: How to Deal with the Policy of Sanctions?]. Politicheskaya nauka. No. 2. P. 282–299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31249/poln/2024.02.13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pape R.A. Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work // International Security. 1997. Vol. 22. No. 2. P. 90–136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.N. (2024). Torgovye sanktsii Evropeiskogo soyuza v otnoshenii Rossii: sovremennaya praktika [The European Union Trade Sanctions Against Russia: Contemporary Practice]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ehkonomika. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 233–247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.205</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Slaughter A.-M. The Real New World Order // Foreign Affairs. 1997. Vol. 76. No. 5. P. 183–197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/20048208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev I.N., Chupriyanova P.I. (2024). Politika sanktsii ES v otnoshenii Rossii posle fevralya 2022 g.: napravleniya izmenenii [EU Sanctions Policy Towards Russia After February 2022: Directions for Change]. Sovremennaya mirovaya ehkonomika. Vol. 2. No. 2(6). P. 43–59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/2949-5776-2024-2-2-43-59</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quaglia L., Verdun A. Weaponisation of finance: the role of European central banks and financial sanctions against Russia // West European Politics. 2023. Vol. 46. No. 5. P. 872–895. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2022.2155906</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quaglia L., Verdun A. (2023). Weaponisation of finance: the role of European central banks and financial sanctions against Russia. West European Politics. Vol. 46. No. 5. P. 872–895. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2022.2155906</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlee R., Opper J. (2020). Weaponizing the world. New Perspectives. Vol. 28. No. 3. P. 314–329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X20935233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlee R., Opper J. (2020). Weaponizing the world. New Perspectives. Vol. 28. No. 3. P. 314–329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X20935233</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Von Sponeck H.C. (2006). A Different Kind of War: The UN Sanctions Regime in Iraq. With a Foreword by Celso N. Amorim, Foreign Minister of Brazil. New York: Berghahn. 322 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Von Sponeck H.C. (2006). A Different Kind of War: The UN Sanctions Regime in Iraq. With a Foreword by Celso N. Amorim, Foreign Minister of Brazil. New York: Berghahn. 322 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
