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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17994/IT.2015.13.1.40.4</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-866</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЗМЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ANALYTICAL PRISMS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Конструктивизм в исследовании международных норм защиты прав человека: от генезиса, признания и соблюдения к нарушению, оспариванию и эрозии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Constructivism in the Study of International Human Rights Norms: From Genesis, Acceptance and Compliance to Violation, Contestation and Erosion</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакалова</surname><given-names>Евгения</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakalova</surname><given-names>Evgeniya</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бакалова Евгения Владимировна – аспирантка Франкфуртского университета им. Гете, научная сотрудница Франкфуртского института исследований мира и конфликтов, Германия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ms Evgeniya Bakalova – PhD Candidate at Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Research Associate at Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Germany</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">jbakalova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Франкфуртский университет им. Гете</institution><country>Германия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Goethe University</institution><country>Germany</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бакалова Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бакалова Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bakalova E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/866">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/866</self-uri><abstract><p>Вопросы эволюции, диффузии и социализации международных норм на протяжении двух десятилетий находятся в центре внимания конструктивистских исследований. За это время был накоплен богатый аналитический и эмпирический материал, который постоянно дополнялся за счет разработки и внедрения новых теоретических ракурсов и подходов, в том числе понятийных, а также расширения тематического и географического фокуса интереса. В рамках западных теорий международных отношений изучение норм оформились в самостоятельную исследовательскую программу. Цель статьи – структурированное представление западных конструктивистских подходов к анализу динамики диффузии, социализации и интернализации международных норм, а также критический разбор наиболее актуальных разработок. Несмотря на то что классические конструктивистские модели задали исследовательскую программу в данной области, которая сохраняет богатый потенциал для научной разработки, они не лишены недостатков и ограничений. Прежде всего сомнения вызывает узкая трактовка самого понятия международной нормы, а также линейный характер и даже скрытый детерминизм классических моделей. Они традиционно рассматривали эволюцию норм в телеологической перспективе распространения «хороших» норм, а социализацию – в качестве насаждения «сверху вниз» странами-распространителями стандартов правильного поведения, без учета национальной культурно-исторической и контекстуальной специфики стран-получателей. В свете актуальных эмпирических исследований, а также новейших концептуальных подходов, выделяются три основных вызова, стоящих перед конструктивистскими моделями развития и распространения норм в области прав человека. Во-первых, происходит отрыв риторики прав человека от реально проводимой политики государств. Во-вторых, чрезмерно упрощенной представляется дихотомия «принятие-отторжение», становится очевидной ее несостоятельность для описания разнообразия национальных и локальных реакций на внешние нормы. В-третьих, неохваченной остается проблематика переосмысления или оспаривания нормативных значений и тесно связанная с ней проблема регресса уже устоявшихся международных норм. Несмотря на существование множества неразрешенных вопросов, эпистемологическая открытость конструктивистских исследований норм, позволившая им обеспечить успешный синтез рационалистских и конструктивистских подходов, обусловила интенсивный процесс критического осмысления старых и генерирование усовершенствованных или новых моделей, который, несомненно, будет продолжен в будущем.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Questions of evolution, diffusion, and socialization of international norms have been the primary focus of constructivist norm research for almost two decades now. The rich analytical and empirical material gathered during this time has been undergoing a constant process of re-evaluation and improvement thanks to the introduction of new theoretical concepts and the expansion of analytical and country scope. Currently, norm research has developed into an independent research program within Western international relations theory. This article, thus, aims at providing a brief summary of Western constructivist approaches to the dynamics of international norms’ diffusion, socialization and internalization, and at their critical assessment with regard to the most recent studies. Despite the fact that classical constructivist models (the “norm life cycle” model, the ‘spiral model’ of human rights’ change and the internalization/socialization model) have determined the development of future research for years to come, they are still not free from certain limitations and drawbacks. These include the rather narrow interpretation of “norms”, as well as the linearity and even implicit determinism of classical models, which have traditionally treated norm evolution as a teleological process of promoting “good” norms, and conceived of socialization as a topdown process of instilling standards of appropriate behavior on the part of norm-promoters without any regard for the cultural and historical specificity of norm-takers. Taking into account the contributions from the most recent empirical studies and the newest conceptual approaches, one can define three central challenges currently facing constructivist norm development and diffusion models. First of all, they include the “decoupling” of human rights rhetoric and actual political behavior of states; second, the over-simplification of the “acceptance-rejection” dichotomy which cannot fully capture the dynamics of national and local reactions towards external norms; and finally, the problem of re-definition and contestation and the associated regress of already established international norms. Despite the existence of multiple unresolved issues, the epistemological openness of constructivist norm research has allowed them to make a number of rather successful attempts at synthesizing rationalist and constructivist approaches and, thus, determined the intensive process of critical reflection and creation of updated or new analytical models – a process which will surely be continued in the future.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>конструктивизм</kwd><kwd>международные нормы</kwd><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>эволюция норм</kwd><kwd>диффузия</kwd><kwd>социализация</kwd><kwd>европеизация</kwd><kwd>оспаривание норм</kwd><kwd>эрозия норм</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>constructivism</kwd><kwd>international norms</kwd><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>norm evolution</kwd><kwd>diffusion</kwd><kwd>socialization</kwd><kwd>Europeanization</kwd><kwd>norm contestation</kwd><kwd>norm erosion</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Громогласова Е. 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