<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intertrends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международные процессы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1728-2756</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1811-2773</issn><publisher><publisher-name>AEFIR</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/IT.2025.23.4.83.3</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intertrends-989</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>У истоков глобализма: институционализация нормативного лидерства исполнительной властью США (1981–1983)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Forging Globalism: How the U.S. Executive Institutionalized Normative Leadership (1981–1983)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садаков</surname><given-names>Денис</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadakov</surname><given-names>Denis</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Денис Андреевич Садаков – доктор исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник Кафедры истории и политических наук</p><p>Киров</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Dr Denis A. Sadakov – Doctor of History, Senior Research Fellow, Department of History and Political Sciences</p><p>Kirov, 610000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dasadakov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Вятский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Vyatka State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>128</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Садаков Д., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Садаков Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sadakov D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/989">https://www.intertrends.ru/jour/article/view/989</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена институционализации нормативного лидерства США в 1981–1983 годах как одного из ключевых этапов формирования глобалистской архитектуры мирового порядка. Центральное внимание уделено политике администрации Р. Рейгана, направленной на трансформацию универсальных норм – прежде всего в области прав человека и демократии – в системные инструменты легитимации и внешнеполитического воздействия. На основе директив исполнительной власти, внутренних меморандумов, стенограмм, законодательных актов и программных заявлений реконструируется процесс административного встраивания нормативной повестки в механизмы принятия решений. Методологически статья сочетает институциональный и историко-политический подходы, позволяющие интерпретировать нормативное лидерство США не как выражение универсального морального импульса, а как управляемый процесс, выстраиваемый исполнительной властью. Разработана авторская аналитическая модель становления нормативного лидерства, включающая в себя три стадии: артикуляцию, институционализацию и проецирование норм. Особое внимание отдано истории создания Национального фонда демократии*, реструктурированию Госдепартамента, интеграции нормативных критериев в процессы распределения помощи. Анализируются механизмы селективного применения норм, в частности различие между «авторитарными» и «тоталитарными» режимами как элементы, обеспечивающие стратегическую гибкость системы. Вторжение США на Гренаду в 1983 г. рассматривается как прообраз последующих гуманитарных интервенций. Предпринятая реконструкция позволяет интерпретировать нормативное лидерство Соединённых Штатов не как результат морального консенсуса или транснационального давления, а как управляемый институциональный процесс, выстраиваемый исполнительной властью и опирающийся на внутренние административные ресурсы. Период с 1981 по 1983 г. характеризуется как время закладки нормативной инфраструктуры, позволившей Вашингтону превратить моральный дискурс в орудие устойчивого внешнеполитического влияния.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper examines the institutionalization of U.S. normative leadership in 1981–1983 as a critical juncture in the construction of the global governance architecture of the late–Cold War order. It focuses on the Reagan administration’s efforts to translate universal norms, primarily human rights and democracy into systematic instruments of legitimation and foreign-policy leverage. Drawing on executive directives, internal policy memoranda, speech transcripts, legislative materials, and official policy statements, the study reconstructs how a normative agenda was embedded in executive decision-making routines and interagency coordination. Methodologically, it combines institutional analysis with historical processtracing, treating normative leadership not as an expression of universal moral impulse but as an administratively governed project built by the executive branch. The article develops a three-stage model of normative leadership: articulation, institutionalization, and projection. It traces, empirically, the creation of the National Endowment for Democracy**, the reconfiguration of State Department structures, and the incorporation of normative criteria into foreign-aid allocation. It also identifies mechanisms of selective norm application, especially the instrumental distinction between “authoritarian” and “totalitarian” regimes, which expanded policymakers’ strategic flexibility. The 1983 U.S. intervention in Grenada is interpreted as an early case within an emerging repertoire of humanitarian-justificatory arguments. The article argues that U.S. normative leadership in this period is best understood not as the product of moral consensus or transnational advocacy, but as an institutionalized and administratively sustained foreign-policy strategy. Overall, 1981–1983 marks a foundational phase in which moral discourse was routinized into durable instruments of U.S. influence.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>нормативное лидерство</kwd><kwd>глобализм</kwd><kwd>Рейган</kwd><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>демократия</kwd><kwd>нормы</kwd><kwd>моральный дискурс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>normative leadership</kwd><kwd>globalism</kwd><kwd>Reagan</kwd><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>democracy</kwd><kwd>norms</kwd><kwd>moral discourse</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда №22-78-10179-П, https:// rscf.ru/project/22-78-10179-П/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 22-78-10179-П, https:// rscf.ru/project/22-78-10179-П/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карасёв Д.А. Неовеберианская теория глобализаций Майкла Манна // Международные процессы. 2018. Т. 16. №4. С. 74–98. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2018.16.4.55.5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adler Nissen R. (2024). The Normalization of Contestation: The Sociology of Knowledge and the Endogenous Challenges to the Liberal International Order. Global Studies Quarterly. Vol. 4. No. 2. P. 1–5. DOI: 10.1093/isagsq/ksae020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кроули-Виньо А., Байков А., Волфорт У.К. Реалистский конструктивизм: новый взгляд на теорию норм // Международные процессы. 2023. Т. 21. № 2. С. 44–62. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2023.21.2.73.3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnett M., Duvall R. (2005). Power in International Politics. International Organization. Vol. 59. No. 1. P. 39–75. DOI:10.1017/S0020818305050010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лидер на фоне эпохи: традиции и новации современного политического лидерства в странах запада / под ред. Л.С. Окуневой. М.: МГИМО-Университет, 2022. 662 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnett M., Finnemore M. (2004). Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press. 240 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Неклюдов Н.Я. Внешняя политика как социальная практика. Роль конгресса США в российско-американских отношениях. 2009–2020. М.: Аспект пресс, 2025. 323 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chapell J. (2023). The Rise and Fall of Section 502B. Northwestern Journal of Human Rights. Vol. 21. No. 1. P. 1–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фененко А.В. Мировой порядок как теоретико-методологическая категория // Международные процессы. 2023. Т. 21. №1. С. 6–42. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2023.21.1.72.8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooley A., Nexon D. (2020). Exit from Hegemony: The Unraveling of the American Global Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 304 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юнгблюд В.Т., Ильин Д.В. Поправка Джексона-Вэника и развитие советско-американских отношений в 1972-1975 гг // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 2020. Т. 13. №2. С. 7–39. DOI:10.24833/2071- 8160-2020-2-71-7-39</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crowley-Vigneau A., Baykov A., Wohlforth W.C. (2023). Realist Constructivism: A New Perspective on Norm Theory. International Trends. Vol. 21. No. 2. P. 44–62. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2023.21. 2.73.3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юнгблюд В.Т. Торговля и научно-техническое взаимодействие с СССР в повестке американского руководства в годы разрядки (1969–1980) // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 2024. Т. 17. №6. С. 7–32. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2024-6-99-7-32</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diez T. (2005). Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering ‘Normative Power Europe’. Millennium: Journal of International Studies. Vol. 33. No. 3. P. 613–636. DOI: 10.1177/03058298050330031701</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adler-Nissen R. The Normalization of Contestation: The Sociology of Knowledge and the Endogenous Challenges to the Liberal International Order // Global Studies Quarterly. 2024. Vol. 4. No. 2. P. 1–5. DOI: 10.1093/isagsq/ksae020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fenenko A.V. 2023. Mirovoy poryadok kak teoretiko-metodologicheskaya kategoriya [International Order as a Category of International Studies: Theoretical Foundations]. International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy. Vol. 21. No. 1. P. 6–42. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2023.21.1.72.8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnett M., Duvall R. Power in International Politics // International Organization. 2005. Vol. 59. No. 1. P. 39–75. DOI:10.1017/S0020818305050010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Finnemore M., Sikkink K. (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization. Vol. 52. No. 4. P. 887–917. DOI: 10.1162/002081898550789</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnett M., Finnemore M. Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. Ithaca; L.: Cornell University Press, 2004. 240 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hartmann H. (2001). US Human Rights Policy under Carter and Reagan, 1977–1981. Human Rights Quarterly. Vol. 23. No. 2. P. 402–430. DOI: 10.1353/hrq.2001.0017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chapell J. The Rise and Fall of Section 502B // Northwestern Journal of Human Rights. 2023. Vol. 21. No. 1. P. 1–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inboden W. (2022). The Peacemaker. Ronald Reagan, the Cold War, and the World on the Brink. New York: Dutton. 608 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooley A., Nexon D. Exit from Hegemony: The Unraveling of the American Global Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. 304 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ikenberry G. (2011). Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 392 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diez T. Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering ‘Normative Power Europe’ // Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 2005. Vol. 33. No. 3. P. 613–636. DOI: 10.1177/03058298050330031701</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karasyov D.A. (2018). Neoveberianskaya teoriya globalizatsiy Maykla Manna [Michael Mann’s Theory of Globalizations]. International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy. Vol. 16. No. 4. P. 74–98. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2018.16.4.55.5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Finnemore M., Sikkink K. International Norm Dynamics and Political Change // International Organization. 1998. Vol. 52. No. 4. P. 887–917. DOI: 10.1162/002081898550789</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keys B. (2014). Reclaiming American Virtue: The Human Rights Revolution of the 1970s. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press. 369 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hartmann H. US Human Rights Policy under Carter and Reagan, 1977–1981 // Human Rights Quarterly. 2001. Vol. 23. No. 2. P. 402–430. DOI:10.1353/hrq.2001.0017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Human Rights and US Foreign Policy. The First Decade, 1973–1983. (1984). New York: The American Association for the International Commission of Jurists. 61 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inboden W. The Peacemaker. Ronald Reagan, the Cold War, and the World on the Brink. New York: Dutton, 2022. 608 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mann M. (2003). Incoherent Empire. London; New York: Verso. 304 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ikenberry G. Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011. 392 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mann M. (2013). The Sources of Social Power. Volume 4: Globalizations, 1945–2011. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 492 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keys B. Reclaiming American Virtue. The Human Rights Revolution of the 1970s. Cambridge, Massachusetts, L.: Harvard University Press, 2014. 369 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manners I. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 235–258. DOI: 10.1111/1468-5965.00353</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Human Rights and US Foreign Policy. The First Decade. 1973–1983. New York: The American Association for the International Commission of Jurists, 1984. 61 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okuneva L.S. (ed.) (2022). Lider na fone epokhi: traditsii i novatsii sovremennogo politicheskogo liderstva v stranakh Zapada [Leader in the Context of the Era: Traditions and Innovations of Contemporary Political Leadership in Western Countries]. Moscow: MGIMO-University. 662 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mann M. Incoherent Empire. London; New York: Verso, 2003. 304 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nekliudov, N. Ia. (2025). Vneshniaia politika kak sotsial’naia praktika. Rol’ Kongressa SShA v rossiiskoamerikanskikh otnosheniiakh. 2009–2020 [Foreign Policy as Social Practice: The Role of the U.S. Congress in Russian-American Relations, 2009–2020]. Moscow: Aspekt Press. 323 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mann M. The Sources of Social Power. Volume 4: Globalizations, 1945–2011. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 492 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peterson C. (2014). The Carter Administration and the Promotion of Human Rights in the Soviet Union, 1977–1981. Diplomatic History. Vol. 38. No. 3. P. 628–656. DOI: 10.1093/dh/dht102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manners I. Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? // Journal of Common Market Studies. 2002. Vol. 40, No. 2. P. 235–258. DOI: 10.1111/1468-5965.00353</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitz D., Walker V. (2004). Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: The Development of a Post–Cold War Foreign Policy. Diplomatic History. Vol. 28. No. 1. P. 113–143. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00400.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Normative Power Europe: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives / ed. by R.G. Whitman. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 320 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schoultz L. (1981). Human Rights and United States Foreign Policy toward Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 440 p. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt7zv9ww</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peterson C. The Carter Administration and the Promotion of Human Rights in the Soviet Union, 1977– 1981 // Diplomatic History. 2014. Vol. 38. No. 3. P. 628–656. DOI: 10.1093/dh/dht102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Snyder S. (2011). Human Rights Activism and the End of the Cold War: A Transnational History of the Helsinki Network. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 305 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmitz D., Walker V. Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: The Development of a PostCold War Foreign Policy // Diplomatic History. 2004. Vol. 28. No. 1. P. 113–143. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00400.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steger M. (2005). Ideologies of Globalization. Journal of Political Ideologies. Vol. 10. No. 1. P. 11–30. DOI: 10.1080/1356931052000310263</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schoultz L. Human Rights and United States Foreign Policy toward Latin America. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univercitty Press, 1981. 440 p. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt7zv9ww</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turek L. (2021). Between Values and Action: Religious Rhetoric, Human Rights, and Reagan’s Foreign Policy. In: J. Hunt, S. Miles (eds) The Reagan Moment. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press. P. 212–234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Snyder S. Human Rights Activism and the End of the Cold War. A Transnational History of the Helsinki Network. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 305 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whitman R.G. (ed) (2011). Normative Power Europe: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 320 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steger M. Ideologies of globalization // Journal of Political Ideologies. 2005. Vol. 10. No. 1. P. 11–30. DOI: 10.1080/1356931052000310263</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xypolia I. (2022). Human Rights, Imperialism, and Corruption in US Foreign Policy. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 155 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turek L. Between Values and Action: Religious Rhetoric, Human Rights,and Reagan’s Foreign Policy // The Reagan Moment / ed. by J. Hunt, S. Miles. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2021. P. 212–234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yungblud V.T., Ilyin D.V. (2020). Popravka Džeksona Venika i razvitie sovetsko amerikanskikh otnosheniy v 1972–1975 gg. [Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972–1975]. MGIMO Review on International Relations. Vol. 13. No. 2. P. 7–39. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2020-2-71-7-39</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xypolia I. Human Rights, Imperialism, and Corruption in US Foreign Policy. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022. 155 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yungblud V.T. (2024). Torgovlya i nauchno tekhnicheskoe vzaimodeystvie s SSSR v povestke amerikanskogo rukovodstva v gody rozhdachki (1969–1980) [Trade and scientific technical cooperation with the USSR in the agenda of American leadership during détente (1969–1980)]. MGIMO Review on International Relations. Vol. 17. No. 6). P. 7–32. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2024-6-99-7-32</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
