Enhancing Scientific Support for National Security Policy Making: International Experience

The article examines evolution of scholarly approaches towards the  phenomenon of the  “national security.” By the early 21st century this notion found its way in the official strategic documents of a wide range of states. The authors examine the Russian and international record  of analysis in the field of national security, and assess the adequacy of existing views on this subject taking in the account emerging threats, risks and challenges, as well as the tasks of sustainable development of a country in the social, economic,  political,  information,  spiritual and  other  areas. They  start  by presenting the  early conceptualizations of this term in the debates of  American experts in the 1950s and the 1960s. An important innovation of that period was disentanglement of the national security from purely territorial and military threat, by preparing for other types of contingencies. The article additionally examines the struggle between two alternative approaches towards protecting the national security in the United States: the one founded on unilateral domination and the other prioritizing collective actions. It demonstrates that the one important result of the Western debates was the emergence of a new field of study defined by policy relevant studies, which produce useful, original, and verifiable inferences, which are then injected in decision-making process. In order to promote a similar institutionalized expertise, the article suggests seceding the study of the national security in a separate discipline. This step will enable to further promote the training of specialists not only in the field of national security and strategic planning, but also political scientists and future specialists for the public service. The need for this is obviously related to the tasks of improving the quality of policy making and strategic planning in the Russian Federation, the implementation of national projects in an extremely complex international environment.

1. Aron R. (1966). Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations. New York: Doubleday & Company. 820 p.

2. Barnett H.J. (1958). The Changing Relation of Natural Resources to National Security. Economic Geography. Vol. 34. No. 3. P. 189–201. DOI: 10.2307/142477

3. Beaton L., Maddox J.R. (1962). The Spread of Nuclear Weapons. New York: Praeger. 216 p.

4. Benoit E., Boulding K.E. (1963). Disarmament and the Economy. New York: Harper. 310 p.

5. Berkowitz M., Bock P.G. (eds) (1965). American National Security: A Reader in Theory and Policy. New York: Free Press. 448 p.

6. Bezruchko B.P. et al. (2020). Put' v sinergetiku: ekskurs v 10 lekciyakh [The Way to Synergies: a Tour in 10 Lectures]. In: Sinergetika: ot proshlogo k budushchemu. Moscow: URSS. 304 p.

7. Blackett P.M.S. (1962). Steps Toward Disarmament. Scientific American. Vol. 206. No. 4. P. 45–53.

8. Bloomfield L.P. (1960). The United Nations and U.S. Foreign Policy. Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown & Co. 276 p.

9. Brodie B. (1959). Strategy in the Missile Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 423 p.

10. Clark G., Sohn L.B. (1966). World Peace Through World Law. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: Oxford University Press. 535 p.

11. Claude I.L. (1961). The Management of Power in the Changing United Nations. International Organization. Vol. 15. No. 2. P. 219–235.

12. Deutsch K. (1986). Nationalism and Social Communication. Cambridge: Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Wiley. 292 p.

13. Enthoven A.C. (1963). Economic Analysis in the Department of Defense. American Economic Review. Vol. 53. No. 2. P. 413–423.

14. Gallois P. (1961). The Balance of Terror: Strategy for the Nuclear Age. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 234 p.

15. Haas E.B. (1961). International Integration: The European and the Universal Process. International Organization. Vol. 15. No. 3. P. 366–392.

16. Henkin L. (1960). Toward a “Rule of Law” Community In: Cleveland H. (ed.) Promise of world tensions. New York: Macmillan. P. 17–42.

17. Hitch Ch.J., Mckean R.N. (1960). The Economics of Defense in the Nuclear Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 422 p.

18. Holmes K.R. (2015). What Is National Security? In: Wood D.L. (ed.) Index of U.S. Military Strength: Assessing America’s Ability to Provide for the Common Defense. Washington D.C.: The Heritage Foundation. P. 17–26.

19. Kahn H. (1960). On Thermonuclear War. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 652 p.

20. Kaplan M.A. (1957). System and Process in International Politics. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 283 p.

21. Karaganov S., Suslov D. (2020). Rossiya v mire posle koronavirusa. Novye idei dlya vneshnej politiki [Russia in the World after the Coronavirus. New Ideas for Foreign Policy]. Rossiya v global’noj politike. Vol. 18. No. 3. P. 170–182.

22. Kissinger H.A. (1997). Diplomatiya [Diplomacy]. Moscow: Ladomir. 848 p.

23. Kissinger H.A. (1957). Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy. New York: Harper and Brothers. 463 p.

24. Klimenko A.V. et al. (2015). O garmonizatsii dokumentov gosudarstvennogo strategicheskogo planirovaniya [About Harmonization of Documents of State Strategic Planning]. Moscow.: Higher School of Economics. URL: https://publications.hse.ru/preprints/178713799

25. Knorr K. (1957). The Concept of Economic Potential for War. World Politics. Vol. 10. No. 1. P. 49–62.

26. Lasswell H.D. (1962). The Garrison-state Hypothesis Today. In: Huntington S.P. (ed.) Changing Patterns of Military Politics. New York: Free Press. P. 51–70.

27. Lavrov S. (2019). Mir na pereput’e i sistema mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenij v buduschem [World at Crossroads and the System of International Relations in Future]. Rossiya v global’noj politike. Vol. 17. No. 5. P. С. 28–38.

28. Liddel H., Basil H. (1960). Deterrent or Defense: A Fresh Look at the West’s Military Position. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. 257 p.

29. Lindberg L.N. (1963). The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 367 p.

30. Lippmann W. (1943). U.S. Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic. Boston: Little. 177 p.

31. Litvinov E.P. (2014). Bezopasnost’ kak filosofskaya kategoriya. Al’manakh Prostranstvo i vremya. Vol. 7. No. 1. http://j-spacetime.com/actual%20content/t7v1/2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast7-1.2014.12.php

32. Lyons G., Morton L. (1965). Schools for Strategy: Education and Research in National Security Affairs. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. P. xii, 356.

33. Modelski G.A. (1962). A Theory of Foreign Policy. Princeton Studies in World Politics, No. 2. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. P. xi, 152.

34. Modelski G.A. (1964). The International Relations of Internal War. In: Rosenau J. N. (ed.) International Aspects of Civil Strife. Princeton: Princeton University Pres. P. 14–44.

35. Morgenthau H. (1951). In Defence of National Interest: a critical examination of American foreign policy. New York: A. Knopf. 283 p.

36. Nazarov V.P. (2007). Strategicheskoe planirovanie: sejchas ili opyat' potom? [Strategic Planning: Now or Not Yet Again?]. Vlast'. No. 11. P. 3–10.

37. Nazarov V.P., Afinogenov D.A. (2020). Problemy razvitiya obshchej teorii nacional'noj bezopasnosti v kontekste korrektirovki Strategii nacional'noj bezopasnosti Rossijskoj Federatsii [Problems of Developing the General National Security Theory in the Context of the Adjustment of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation]. Vlast'. № 1. P. 9–19.

38. Nikulin E., Koval M., Ruban Yu. (2019). Sposobnost’ pomeshat’ vragu. Osobennosti radioelektronnoj bor’by v sovremennykh vooruzhyonnykh konfliktakh [Ability to Hamper the Adversary. Specifics of Radio-Electronic Struggle in the Modern Militarized Conflicts]. Armejskij sbornik. No. 3. P. 78–83.

39. Noel-Baker P. (1958). The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament. London: Atlantic Book Publishing Company; New York: Oceana Publications. 579 p.

40. Nye Jr. J.S. (2005). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. 130 p.

41. Osanka F.M. (1962). Modern Guerrilla Warfare: Fighting Communist Guerrilla Movements 1941–1961. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press. 519 p.

42. Osgood Ch.E. (1959). Suggestions for Winning the Real War with Communism. Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 3. No. 4. P. 295–325.

43. Podberezkin A.I., Harkevich M.V. (2017). Dolgosrochnoe prognozirovanie mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenij kak strategicheskoe planirovanie politiki natsional'noj bezopasnosti [Long-term Forecasting of International Relations as Strategic Planning of National Security Policy]. Sravnitel'naya politika. Vol. 8. No. 3. P. 20–37. DOI: 10.18611/2221-3279-2017-8-3-20-37

44. Quade E.S. (1964). Analysis for Military Decisions. Chicago: Rand McNally. 394 p.

45. Rosecrance R.N. (1964). The Dispersion of Nuclear Weapons: Strategy and Politics. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. 343 p.

46. Rowen H. (1960). The Future of General War. In Rowen H. National Security and the American Economy in the 1960’s. U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Study Paper No. 18, 86th Congress, 2d Session. Washington: Government Printing Office. P. 26–45.

47. Rоmm J.J. (1993). Defining National Security. The Nonmilitary Aspects. New York: Council of Foreign Relations Press. 122 p.

48. Stephan M.J., Chenoweth E. (2008). Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. International Security. Vol. 33. No. 1. P. 7–44.

49. Stephan M.J., Chenoweth E. (2012). Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. Columbia University Press. 320 р.

50. Suhanov K.N. (2012). Ponyatie ob’ekta nauki v sovremennoj filosofii nauki [The Concept of the Object of Science in the Modern Philosophy of Science. Vestnik CHelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Sociologiya. Kul'turologiya. Vyp. 24. No. 15 (269). P. 86–91.

51. Tsygankov A.P. (1992). Gans Morgentau: Vzglyad na vneshnyuyu politiku [Hans Morgenthau: Views on Foreign Policy]. In: Vlast’ i demokratiya: Zarubezhnye uchenye o politicheskoy nauke. Мoscow. P. 163–164.

52. Timofeev I.N. (2019). Politika sanktsij: odnopolyarnyj ili mnogopolyarnyj mir [Sanctions Policy: Unipolar or Multipolar World]. Vestnik mezhdunarodnyh organizacij. Vol. 14. No. 3. P. 9–26.

53. Wolfers A. (1952). “National Security” as an Ambiguous Symbol. Political Science Quarterly. Vol. 67. No. 4. P. 481–502.